Lemvelo - isayensi study emvelweni ... Basics. Ukuxhumana ngemvelo kanye neminye imikhakha yesayensi

Umhlaba - iparele encane blue elahlekile ezindaweni engapheli ezibandayo emkhathini isibe neengidi eziphilayo ekhaya. Life is eligcwele ngokoqobo sonke isikhala zezwe lethu: amanzi, umhlaba, umoya.

Futhi konke lokhu ukuhlukahluka eziphilayo, uthome eziphilayo elula ziphethe esivelele kwemvelo - Homo sapiens - iyakwazi ukunikeza umthelela ngqo kakhulu ukuphila kulo mhlaba. Lemvelo - isayensi etadisha nokuxhumana sazo zonke izinto eziphilayo ezihlala Umhlaba, kanye nemiphakathi yabo eziningi, kokubili bebodwa futhi beba nabo imvelo yabo.

Umlando omncane

Abantu abaningi namuhla abazi ukuthi imvelo basungula njengoba kungaba njalo egatsheni ehlukene isayensi kuphela maphakathi nekhulu XX. Kuze kube yileso sikhathi, kwaba kuphela ingxenye biology. A umsunguli we emvelweni khona umlandeli oshisekayo futhi umsekeli imfundiso kaDarwin, usosayensi abanamakhono futhi isazi sezinto eziphilayo - German Ernst Haeckel.

On ukwakheka ngemvelo njengoba isayensi ahlukene wathonywa ngakolunye uhlangothi - eqinisa ekhulwini XX, intuthuko kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe, futhi ngakolunye - nokwanda okusheshayo kwenani labantu kule planethi yethu. Ukuthuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe kanye umkhakha kuye kwaholela ukwanda okuphindiwe idliwe nezinsiza zemvelo, esikhundleni salokho, liye laba nethonya elilimazayo imvelo.

Nakuba isibalo sabantu esandisa ngokushesha, inani lezinye izidalwa baba kancane kancane wehlise. NTP ukuvumele abantu ukwakha mestopribyvanie yakhe emhlabeni lihlale kahle ngangokunokwenzeka, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo wakhonza njengephayona isici inhlekelele ubunjalo. Kube khona isidingo esiphuthumayo cwaningo okusheshayo nocwaningo imvelo. Ukuxhumana ngemvelo kanye neminye imikhakha yesayensi isibe akunakugwenywa.

zimiso eziyisisekelo ngemvelo isayensi

Kubaluleka Lemvelo kuhlanganisa ukutadisha nokuxhumana imvelo lezinto wahlela zilwane, umhlaba, kanye namazinga biocentric organismal. Ngakho kukhona izigaba eziningana ezinkulu zihlanganisa ngemvelo jikelele:

• Autecology noma emvelweni eziphilayo - esigabeni okhuluma ekutadisheni ubudlelwano umuntu imvelo njengoba abantu zohlobo ngalunye oluphilayo zakwazi, kanye nezinto eziphilayo okuthiwa okuqondene iqembu ezivamile zezinto eziphilayo.
• Population ngesimiso semvelo, futhi labantu ngemvelo. Izinhloso zalesi sigaba batadisha izindlela zemvelo obhekene ukulawulwa inani ezahlukene eziphilayo eziphilayo, ukuminyana zabo ezifanele, kanye ekuboneni imikhawulo kuvunyelwe Ukuhoxiswa nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene kanye nabantu.
• Synecology noma emvelweni umphakathi uhlola ngokuningiliziwe nokuxhumana imvelo imiphakathi yamazwe imvelo, kanye nezindlela kanye nesakhiwo biogeocenosis.

Izindlela izifundo kwemvelo

ngemvelo yesimanje Isebenzisa izindlela ezihlukahlukene ukuze kwenziwe ucwaningo. Nokho, bakwazi zingahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili: ensimini futhi laboratory izindlela.

Ngu kakhulu isihloko ungabona ukuthi zonke ucwaningo emkhakheni kwenziwe ngqo imvelo. Nazo ngokufanayo, zingahlukaniswa zibe:

• Elimile. Lezi izifundo zihlanganisa kokubili observation eside lezinto zemvelo, kanye izilinganiso, incazelo eningiliziwe, kanye irekhodi wezinsimbi.
• Umzila. Olwenziwe observation ngqo into, kulinganiselwa Engcebweni yakhe, kukalwa, incazelo, esihlelwe ngomumo amabalazwe namashadi.
• Okuchazayo - ku amaziyo kokuqala ne into cwaningo.
• Ukuhlolwa. Lapha into esemqoka - isipiliyoni kanye ukuhlolwa, ezihlukahlukene cwaningo zamakhemikhali, quantification nabanye.

izindlela Laboratory zisekelwe ucwaningo egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela. Kusukela imvelo - kuyinto sebuningini cwaningo inqwaba yezinto, ikakhulukazi isifundo lezinto begazi kunikezwa esisebenzayo ukumodeliswa indlela.

Ukuhlala endaweni yezinto eziphilayo

Ukuze siyiqonde kangcono indlela ukuthonya labo noma nezinye izinto zemvelo e-izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene eziphilayo, kufanele uqale uwuqonde ubuhlobo imvelo kanye nezimpilo izinto ezihlukahlukene. Kunezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene izimo zemvelo ezenzeka Emhlabeni - amanzi, umhlaba, umoya, inhlabathi, umzimba - siphila imvelo ezihlukahlukene ngezitshalo nangezilwane eziphila kuzo. Kuyinto kusukela phakathi nazo zonke izinto eziphilayo ukuze bathole izinto ezidingekayo ukuze kube nokuphila. Futhi kukhona exchange lokuphila imikhiqizo eziphilayo wabuya.

Indawo yokuqala kakhulu abantu ezinhle kakhulu emhlabeni ziye zaba yabulala namachibi ezinhlanzi. Kwaba emanzini kwakukhona ukuphila ngendlela amagciwane amancane - ukuze balukhulume kahle ke phansi-emoyeni nasenhlabathini imvelo. A organismal ngempumelelo ixazululwe izimuncagazi nezilwane eziphila.

Ngakho-ke, umehluko nemibandela ukhona ezindaweni ezahlukene kuye kwenza ukuba kuvelwe e eziphilayo ezahlukene inombolo ephelele yama bokuphila ethize, morphological, zokuziphatha, futhi ahlukahlukene nezinye izakhiwo ukubasiza ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezinzima zokuphila ngangokunokwenzeka.

yizici zemvelo

Kubaluleka ngemvelo njengoba isayensi unamathisele kakhulu izici ngamunye kwemvelo. By yokugcina kumelwe liqondwe yimuphi isici noma ezemvelo izimo ezibangela lezi noma nezinye izinto eziphilayo ukuzivumelanisa nazo futhi sijwayele. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu kuphela amaqembu yizici zemvelo:

• biotic;
• abiotic;
• yabantu.

Izinto biotic zihlanganisa izakhiwo ezahlukene imvelo. Ziyakwazi abangela ukusabela oluhambelana ezitshalweni (Phytogenic), nezilwane (zoogenic) nesikhunta (mikogennye).

Kunalokho Abiotic, yizici imvelo ezingaphili: Geological (ezinyakazayo izinguzunga zeqhwa, mlilo, kwemisebe, njll), Climate (lokushisa, ukukhanya, umoya, umswakama, ingcindezi, njll ...), Soil (isakhiwo, ukuminyana kanye nendlela okwakheke ngayo inhlabathi) futhi izici kwamanzi (amanzi, ingcindezi, usawoti, lamanje).

izici yabantu kwemvelo ezihlobene nemisebenzi yabantu. Mangisho ukuthi umuntu izinguquko ezinkulu kakhulu zemvelo. Futhi ezinye izinhlobo zawo kuba evumayo, kodwa hhayi abanye.

Izinkinga ezithinta imvelo besikhathi sethu

Zanamuhla izinkinga zemvelo ngokuyinhloko esixhumene nalo umthelela zomuntu emvelweni. Global Lemvelo umemezela izingozi elandelayo sína: nemvula ene-asidi, kongqimba lwe-ozone, kwamagesi abamba ukushisa emkhathini, ukungcola kwezwe ezizungezile futhi inkinga nokulahlwa ngokufanele kwendle yabantu, nokucekelwa kanye ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi, izindawo eziphenduka ugwadule, ukuzisika okwandile izihlahla, ukuqothulwa kwezilwane, ushintsho esimweni sezulu, buthakathaka jikelele kwesimiso somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni zabantu , Ukuwohloka imithombo (amanzi, igesi, uwoyela nezinye izinto zemvelo), ngentuthu photochemical nezinye izinguquko ebulalayo.

Konke lokhu ngokuyinhloko senziwa kokungenela asebenzayo wobuntu izinqubo zemvelo, kanye nokusetshenziswa ngokungafanele izinhlelo zokuzithokozisa, ezempi, ezomnotho kanye namanye ukuthi ushintshe indawo yemvelo zemvelo.

ukungcoliswa kwemvelo

Lemvelo - isayensi study kuhlanganise ukungcoliswa imvelo (linganisa). Kulokhu, ngaphansi ukungcola libhekisela ukugeleza asebenzayo energy ku uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli; noma izinto, inani, indawo noma izindawo okungaba nomphumela omubi olwenzeka endaweni kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukane eziphilayo.

Umkhakha futhi lokhu ikwenze kuhambe ngendlela yomhlaba wonke ziholela ukungcoliswa ezizungeze okuqinile hhayi kuphela, liquid izinto gaseous nezinto ezincane eziphilayo, kodwa futhi amandla ezahlukene (imisindo, umsindo, emisebeni), okuyinto zibulale ahlukahlukene isimiso semvelo emhlabeni.

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zama-ukungcolisa uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli, ezingafani ngu umsuka: yemvelo (zemvelo) - kwenzeka ngaphandle iqhaza kwabantu futhi ezenziwe umuntu. I siyingozi kakhulu, ngoba abantu abangazange okwamanje wafunda ukubuyisela imvelo yabo.

Namuhla, ukungcola kuyinto ijubane olushaqisayo futhi kuziwa emoyeni, phansi bese imithombo kwamanzi, inhlabathi. Humanity ingcoliswe isikhala ngisho eduze-Earth. Konke lokhu akusho engeza sokulindela okuhle kubantu futhi babekwazi kubangele global yenhlekelele yemvelo. Ukuthuthukiswa ekuqaleni ngemvelo njengoba isayensi kunikeza abantu ithuba ugweme usongo.

inhlabathi ukungcoliswa

Ngenxa yalokho, budedengu, engenangqondo imisebenzi womuntu inhlabathi emhlabeni emadolobheni amakhulu kanye emasimini lapho kunabantu enkulu yezimboni Izigayo steel, izimboni zikagesi, isakhiwo umshini, unendle phezu nokuqhelelana kwezindawo.

izinsimbi ezisindayo, uwoyela ongahluziwe sulphur compounds phila kanye imfucuza yasendlini - yilokhu ugcwele kwendawo yesimanje yomuntu ophucuzekile. Noma yimuphi Lemvelo Institute uqinisekisa ukuthi ngaphezu izinto ngenhla emhlabathini ngobuningi iqukethe carcinogens ahlukahlukene, unekhono ezenza abantu besabe kuyilapho lesi sifo.

Izwe esondlayo, akugcini nje ngaphansi ukuguguleka komhlabathi kanye ukungcoliswa eziyingozi izakhi zamakhemikhali, kodwa futhi ixhaphozi, salinization, bashaqa ukuze kwakhiwe izindawo ezihlukahlukene. Futhi uma ukubhujiswa engokwemvelo inhlabathi ebusweni kungaba kancane, ukuguguleka kubangelwa izinto ezenziwa abantu, Kugcizelela ne ijubane layo fast.

Ezolimo ngokusebezisa luningi zinambuzane sekuba isishayo lesintu. Ingozi embi kunazo zonke kuleli cala izinze chlorine compounds uyakwazi ukusinda enhlabathini iminyaka bese buthelela therein.

ukungcola komoya

Ukulandela ibe usongo olukhulu kwemvelo - nokungcoliswa emkhathini. Nalapha futhi, kungase futhi kube kubangelwa izici zemvelo, ezifana mlilo, izimila eziqhakazayo, ngibheme emahlathini uvutha noma umoya ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi. Kodwa nomthelela yabantu kubangela umonakalo emkhathini okuningi.

Yabantu noma ezenziwe umuntu ukungcoliswa komoya kungenxa emkhathini esiningi izinto ezithile eziyingozi. izingozi Ukuthokoza okukhethekileko malungana nalokhu owenza umkhakha zamakhemikhali. Ngenxa emoyeni ukhiphe i-sulphur dioxide, i-nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulfide ne-hydrocarbon, halides, kanye nezinye izinto. Ukuhlanganyela nabanye ukusabela zamakhemikhali, ziyakwazi ukwakha compounds kakhulu esiyingozi kakhulu.

Okwenza isimo sibe sibi wemoto. Emadolobheni amaningi amakhulu e sezulu windless sekuyinto Kuyaziwa ka ngentuthu photochemical.

Kwemoya yamanzi izinqolobane planethi

Ukuphila emhlabeni akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwamanzi, kodwa esikhathini sethu, izifundo kwemvelo kwenza ososayensi esiphethweni esibuhlungu umsebenzi anthropological kunomthelela omubi kakhulu hydrosphere eMhlabeni. Encishisiwe alondoloza zemvelo ezingabangela ukungatholi amanzi ahlanzekile, futhi ngisho nezilwandlekazi elikhulu namuhla ibhekene izinguquko global e-ecosystem yayo, ngokuqondene okuyinto kwezinhlobo eziningi zasolwandle sibhekene nenhlekelele yokuqothulwa.

Ikakhulukazi ayinandaba by nje iqiniso lokuthi ukungcola kuthinta kwamanzi nje kuphela kodwa futhi komhlaba, ngombandela wokuthi nomthelela ezimbonini nje kuphela, kodwa futhi eziningi landfills kamasipala, amapayipi endle, imfucuza-zizalela izakhiwo, isitoreji umquba amakhemikhali. On top of ukuthi impucuko ngeke akwenze ngaphandle engozini enkulu. Eziphuthumayo kwekungcola emizimbeni amanzi - hhayi kungase kwenzeke into eyivelakancane.

Ukuxhumana ngemvelo kanye neminye imikhakha yesayensi

Emvelweni lokuqala - isayensi etadisha izinkinga zemvelo, umuntukazana akanayo imali ukulungisa isimo. Manje, lapho sekumcacela okwethusayo kanjani isimo zemvelo ezahlukene, kuba sobala ngisho ukuthi sibaluleke kangakanani ubuhlobo ngemvelo kanye neminye imikhakha yesayensi. Ngaphandle ukuxhumana obuseduze imithi, isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali, i-physics kanye namanye amagatsha yesayensi akunakwenzeka sibhukule sibhekane nezinkinga zemvelo.

Ososayensi uzokwenza imizamo ngokuhlanganyela ukuze sizame ukunciphisa amathuba okwenza umonakalo owenziwe emvelweni yomuntu. Ososayensi ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene ukuba usheshe ufune ephephile imithombo yamandla. Kwezinye izifundazwe kakade khudlwana Ingxenye izimoto ukuthi ukusebenzisa ugesi. Okuningi kuxhomeke ekutheni ukufunde imizamo bamakhemikhali, bayoba ekhulwini entsha ukuze ngokuphelele ukuxazulula inkinga ngezindlela zokunciphisa umonakalo ka ezimbonini. Lula ukuthola amakhambi ezinkinga ezivamile kumelwe luhlanganise ngempela zonke emkhakheni kwemvelo.

Isimo kwemvelo eRussia

Ngeshwa, imvelo Russian akuyona esimweni esihle. Ngokusho zemvelo ezinethonya, izwe lethu ingenye uthi ezintathu kunazo kakhulu nilingcolise ubudlelwane bezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Ngaphezu Russia, ohlwini elidumile kuhlanganisa ngisho China ne-United States.

Lesi simo zaba zimbi ngenxa yokuthi nakuba emazweni amaningi athuthukile European ngonyaka bachithe cishe 6% emali ebekelwe ukuvikela imvelo, eRussia, lezi zindleko musa sifinyelele ngisho 1%. Iziphathimandla beba nenkani benqabe aphendule umzamo ka ezemvelo ukudweba ekucwaningeni isimo esidabukisayo kule ndawo.

Khonamanjalo ngemvelo Russia Zibangela ukukhathazeka emphakathini wonke international njengoba indawo ukuthi ithatha, ezinkulukazi ngempela, eziningi zezimboni, imfucuza is hhayi kabusha hhayi ilahlwe kahle, futhi ngaphansi kwesimo sezomnotho esimanzonzo, nje libukeka esongelayo.

Ithonya Imvelo empilweni yomuntu

Ngenhla ke okukhulunywa kangakanani zibulale abantu ukuphila imvelo okungekuhle ukuze impilo izici imvelo. Eyokuqala, yebo, izingane, ngoba - ikusasa lethu. Kodwa siyoba yini ikusasa, uma umuntu omncane nokungokomoya kusukela ezalwa kuze ukuphefumula umoya ongcolile, ukudla, ezithinta eziyingozi nezivimbelakuvunda zamakhemikhali, kuphela amanzi amabhodlela epulasitiki nokunye. D.?

Eminyakeni yamuva nje, odokotela baye igxile yokuthi izigameko izifo broncho-yamaphaphu ziqhubeka zithuthuka. Ziyanda iziguli nomzimba, iningi labo futhi - izingane. Ezweni kukhona ukukhula yizifo ezihlobene nokungabikho immunodeficiency. Kunengqondo ukuphetha ngokuthi uma isintu akusho ngokushesha asanguluke futhi sizame uphetha ukuthula inyunyana bokuzwana Mother Nature, esikhathini esizayo esingekude kakhulu, singakwazi ukuqonda isiphetho kwezinhlobo eziningi yokuqothulwa. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi imvelo kanye nempilo yabantu atehlukaniseki.

2014 - Unyaka ka Ezungezile

Njalo ngonyaka ezweni lethu Kwenziwa imisebenzi eminingi, anikezelwe imisebenzi zemfundo ezindabeni zemvelo. Futhi 2014 kwaba okufanayo. Kusukela kuqale lo nyaka umncintiswano emikhulu "National Environmental Prize" ERAECO "ukuba khona eRussia. Njengengxenye lo mcimbi emadolobheni ahlukene of Russia show amafilimu ezindabeni kwemvelo, imikhosi, izinkulumo.

Kuzophinde kube nezethulo ku eco-ukwakhiwa kanye ngesibonakaliso amathuba samakhaya ukulima emvelweni eMoscow nesifunda eMoscow. Izikole bebelokhu eco-izifundo lapho abafana ukutshelwa ezemvelo, kanye idingidwa ezicini ezihlukahlukene imvelo.

"ERAECO" abagqugquzeli uhlela kuvulwa laboratories kwemvelo mini-mobile, ngawo sizokwazi ukwenza analysis okusheshayo amasampuli othathwe amanzi, emoyeni nasenhlabathini. Laboratory ochwepheshe ngokusekelwa ochwepheshe kwemvelo kuyoba abafundi nabafundi bobudala obungefani.

Amasosha ngeke "eco-patrol" akhiwa, ezoqhubeka nomsebenzi walo hhayi kuphela ngesikhathi soMqhudelwano, kodwa futhi ngemva kwalo. Izingane ubudala wasesikoleni samabanga aphansi, futhi, uzokwazi ukuba badle izinto eziningi kumnandi, njalo khona bezazila uzocelwa ukudala umlando zokubonwayo imidwebo.

nokubambisana International ukuvikela imvelo

iplanethi yethu eyodwa, futhi naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abantu ngokuncomekayo ezikhundleni ekade ke emazweni amaningi ehlukene futhi uthi, ekhuluma kunazo ukuphokophela ezemvelo kudinga inhlanganisela. Ukubambisana okunjalo Kwenziwa ngaphakathi kohlaka izinhlelo international izinhlangano ezifana UNESCO futhi UN, futhi kulawulwa izivumelwano kwemibuso.

izimiso zokubambisana kwemvelo zenzelwe. Omunye wabo uthi ukuthi kwemvelo inhlalakahle uMbuso kufanele awutholakali ngaphandle kucatshangelwa izithakazelo kwamanye amazwe noma ngezindleko zabo. Ngokwesibonelo, emazweni namandla akakwamukeli ukusebenzisa imithombo yemvelo ezindaweni ampofu zomhlaba.

Omunye uthi isimiso ukuthi kuwo wonke amazinga kumele imiswe ukulawula esiyisibopho okusongela izinguquko imvelo, futhi yonke States anesibopho zokubasiza okugcwele nomunye izinkinga zemvelo ziyinkimbinkimbi futhi eziphuthumayo.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi isintu united kuphela uzokwazi ukugcina Umhlaba ukuwa esizohlasela semvelo. Kusukela manje, zonke izakhamuzi iplanethi liyadingeka ukuze bayiqonde.