Izindlela zizalela

Ngesisekelo impumelelo yanoma yokuzalela - ukwehluka zofuzo of impahla kanye Ukukhetha izindlela. Ukusetshenziswa izinto zokusetshenziswa ezifana ivumela ukuthola nzalo omusha nezinhlobonhlobo, ne ezihlukahlukene izici kanye izakhiwo. Isisekelo Ukukhetha wabeka ososayensi edume kunazo zonke emhlabeni:

- Mendel (wabeka izisekelo zofuzo, wathola isimiso discreteness);

- Darwin (theory eyasungulwa ngemvelaphi, wachitha eziningi ukulinga owela);

- T Fairchild (e 1717 wathola kuqala nzalo yokufakelwa clove);

- I. Gerasimov (wavula ishintshe inombolo cores nezinguquko lezinceku elihlobene ne ngokuguqula izakhi);

- M. F. Ivanov (wethula izimiso zofuzo kuyi- ezifanelekayo ukufuya izilwane) ;

- N. K. Koltsov (ukudala isisekelo yezakhi zofuzo).

- NI Vavilov (wathola umthetho uchungechunge homologous);

- I. V Michurin (baletha eziningi izithelo nzalo).

Izindlela eziyisisekelo yokuzalanisa izitshalo nezilwane eziye zasungulwa ngesisekelo zonke okutholakele odlule futhi ngcono kusukela ngaleso sikhathi. Abazalanisi emsebenzini wabo usebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene Ukukhetha: inbreeding, mutagenesis yokufakelwa, polyploidy, hybridization. Lokhu okulandelayo evame kakhulu zasebenzisa izindlela yokuzalanisa ngezitshalo nangezilwane eziphila kuzo entsha.

Izindlela eziyinhloko zokuzalanisa izitshalo: hybridization futhi Ukukhetha. Cross-impova izitshalo selektsioniruyut by Ukukhetha mass kulabo bantu ukuthi babe izakhiwo ezifiselekayo. Ukuze imizila okumsulwa kakhulu, okungukuthi, homogeneity zofuzo izinhlobo, zisebenzisa Ukukhetha ngabanye, lapho self-impova ibangelwa ukuthola nenzalo nomuntu ngamunye, okuyinto has zonke izici engcono. Ububi le ndlela wukuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo njalo waphawula ukubonakaliswa enqabayo zezakhi zofuzo esikhubazayo. Isizathu esikhulu salokhu ukuhambisa inqwaba zofuzo isimo homozygous. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukunqwabelana esikhubazayo izakhi zofuzo asabekayo labona isimo homozygous, zingabangela nezinguquko ezingezinhle zofuzo. Ezimweni zemvelo, izitshalo self-impova kukhona izakhi zofuzo esikhubazayo zidluliselwa esimweni homozygotes isitshalo efa ngokushesha.

Uma indlela self-impova kaningi kuyancishiswa ezithela. Ukuze uthuthukise iqhube uMhloli Wemiqulu izimila eziningi ezihlukahlukene self-impova futhi imigqa nzalo eliphezulu ukuhoxa. izindlela ezinjalo Ukukhetha abizwa ngokuthi hybridization interlinear. It has isivuno esiphezulu nzalo isizukulwane sokuqala. Kulokhu, kuba nomphumela kahle kwaziwayo heterosis, owawuthi nzalo enamandla etholwe ukweqa 'emsulwa' imigqa. Ziyakwazi ukumelana ukuba nemiphumela engemihle, ngoba siqedwa emiphumeleni elimazayo zezakhi zofuzo esikhubazayo, futhi inyunyana namandla evelele izakhi zofuzo izitshalo umzali sithuthukisa umphumela.

Ngokuvamile, ukukhethwa izitshalo ezahlukene ezisetshenziswa polyploidy zokuhlola. izitshalo etholwe Ngakho babe usayizi esikhulu, ukunikeza isivuno esihle nokusukuma ngokushesha. polyploids Artificial etholwe ngaphansi kwethonya chemical ukuthi deplete uthi lokuphotha kuhlukane. Ngenxa yalokho, ama-chromosome kabili bahlale core olulodwa.

izinhlobo ezintsha okukhipha nokusebenzisa mutagenesis yokufakelwa. Umzimba, okuyinto ngenxa yokwanda koshintsho babe izakhiwo ezintsha, has a ubungqabavu ababuthakathaka, ngakho uma ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo siqedwa. Ukuze ukukhethwa kanye kwemvelo izinhlobo ezintsha kanye izinhlobo edingekayo abantu akuvamile ukuba abe ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo hlangothi noma evumayo.

izindlela yokuzalanisa izilwane musa ihluke izindlela eziyisisekelo zokuzalanisa izitshalo. Ukusebenza nabo - ukwanda kwabo ngokobulili nenzalo encane. Ukukhethwa abazali uhlobo crossbreeding kwenziwe nge imigomo ethile ebekwe umfuyi. Zonke izilwane bayaziswa hhayi kuphela izici zawo zangaphandle, kodwa futhi ku ikhwalithi umsuka inzalo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukwazi okhokho babo. Elivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu Ukukhetha zizalela indlela 2:

- inbreeding (ehlobene eduze) - sawela abazali, odadewethu, abafowethu. Lokhu Ukunqamula azinakugcinwa unomphela. Isetshenziselwa, njengoba umthetho, ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo edwaleni

- outbreeding (i asihlobene) - hybridization eyodwa noma abameleli izinhlobo ezahlukene kanye Ukukhetha esiqinile yenzalo nge izakhiwo ezingcono.

izilwane Hybridization kakhulu ukubuyeka kahle kuka izitshalo hybridization. ngokuvamile enjalo nzalo interspecific azinamagciwane.