Ngenkani ukwazi ngofuzo lomuntu: izakhi zofuzo esikhubazayo ephezulu

Kuyini isakhi?

Gene - ukulandelana echaziwe nucleotide dezoksiribonuklinovoy acid lapho okubhalwe zofuzo ulwazi (ulwazi mayelana nesakhiwo eyinhloko amaprotheni molecule). DNA mpilo - double balahleke. Ngamunye amaketanga has a nucleotide thize. Okuxhunyanwa isakhiwo amaprotheni, okuyinto inombolo bese ukulandelana kwama-amino acid, udlala indima enkulu ekwenzeni izici sitholwa njengefa. Ukuze encode Imininingwane kahle nokufunda njalo, isakhi sofuzo Kumele ube Ukuqalwa codon, ekunqanyulweni codon futhi unomuzwa codons ngqo encode wayefisa acid acid ukulandelana. Codons bakha ama-nucleotide amathathu alandelanayo ukuthi encode ethile acid acid. Codons UAA, Uag, UGA akunalutho asenzi ikhodi noma iyiphi amino acid ekhona, lapho ufunda inqubo ukufanisana imisiwe. I codons ezisele (in inani 61 izingcezu) encode amino acid.

Ukwabela izakhi zofuzo evelele futhi esikhubazayo. isakhi sofuzo evelele - ekulandelaneni nucleotide esihlinzeka ukubonakaliswa isici esithile (kungakhathaliseki ukuthi hlobo luni izakhi zofuzo ungaphakathi umbhangqwana efanayo (ebhekisela sakhi sofuzo esikhubazayo noma evelele)). Sakhi sofuzo esikhubazayo ukulandelana nucleotide, lapho inkulumo kwesici phenotype kungenzeka kuphela khona yebhangqa isakhi sofuzo efanayo esikhubazayo.

Ukwaziswa okunjalo shall idatha zofuzo kuphela ezingase zidlulele ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Nokho, kuphela inhlanganisela isakhi sofuzo ezahlukeneyo kuncike ukubonakaliswa mfanelo. Uma umbhangqwana kuyinto sakhi sofuzo esikhubazayo ephezulu, sizovela impahla phenotypically okubhalwe evelele. Futhi kuphela sibonakalise ulwazi lwabo uma inhlanganisela izakhi zofuzo ezimbili esikhubazayo. Okusho ukuthi, isakhi sofuzo evelele suppresses esikhubazayo.

Lapho kukhona ezakhini zofuzo?

Imininingwane esisenza izakhi zofuzo kuvela kokhokho bethu. Lezi zihlanganisa abazali nje kuphela kodwa futhi ogogo nomkhulu kanye nezinye izihlobo igazi. kwakhiwa ngamunye isakhi sofuzo isethi is eslphambanweni isidoda neqanda, noma kunalokho - lapho ukuhlanganisa X Y-chromosomes noma X chromosome amabii. Kusukela kuyise kungaletha ulwazi kokubili X Y-chromosome, ngenkathi umama - iyona kuphela X chromosome.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi X chromosome iqukethe ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngakho abesifazane livikela kakhulu izifo bemvelo ehlukile kunaleyo labantu besilisa. Okwazekayo, inani izinsana namantombazane ungakwazi ukukwenza kufanele kulingane, kodwa umkhuba, abafana bazalwa. Ngenxa yalokho, ngesisekelo la maqiniso amabili, kukhona sekulinganisa of abesilisa nabesifazane ababili. wenzalo Ephakeme sabantu besilisa incephezeliswa ukumelana ephakeme amathonya ahlukahlukene, nobuntu abesifazane.

genetic engineering

Okwamanje sasiqhuba izifundo olubanzi izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zofuzo. Izindlela engayodwa, futhi cloning ngabanye izakhi zofuzo hybridization. Lena - isinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu ekwakheni ikusasa. ukunakwa okunjalo ukuba lolu daba eyenza omningi kokuqagela okulindele. Ngemva ukutadishwa kungase isintu sikwazi ukuhlela izakhiwo kanye izici isizukulwane esilandelayo, ukugwema izifo eziningi futhi sikhule kwezitho izinhlelo zabo ukufakelwa.