Uyini ubuchopho Boltzmann?

Isifiso esikhulu kunazo zonke isintu kusukela kudala kwaba Ukwambula Imfihlakalo yonke. yemibono eminingi ecatshangelwayo ehlukile nemibono vusa izingqondo ososayensi emhlabeni wonke. Uyini ubuchopho Boltzmann futhi kungani kubhekwa lezinyathelo eziyinqaba kunazo futhi singathandeki emlandweni Cosmology?

Lyudvig Boltsman futhi umbono wakhe

Lyudvig Boltsman kwaba se-physics ngubani ezikhethekile Mechanics kwezibalo yokuxhuma izinhlayiya zabo ezingokomzimba Newton e wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto. Boltzmann theory kinetic hhayi kuphela uchaza indlela ukushisa, umsebenzi kanye namandla zihlobene nomunye. Ngakho-ke wabanikeza incazelo ecacile entropy. Nakuba Boltzmann yakhe-ubuchopho kanye kushintsha yoqondayo yendabuko yonke nemibono yakhe, naphezu kobunzima ekuqondeni kwabo, liphinde eziphawulekayo.

Ingcindezi, izinga lokushisa kanye ivolumu izimfanelo main of the gas. Ngenxa yokuthi sithole isikhundla futhi Isivinini wabo bonke ama-athomu noma molecule Boltzmann kuqhathaniswa nabo isimo encane igesi lapho izinhlayiya ezincane yazo zonke ukuhlangana. Ziningi izindlela ukwenza hambisa ama-athomu. Nakuba le Isivinini isilinganiso ukuhamba kwawo wonke ama-athomu obucishe bulingane ingcindezi, izinga lokushisa futhi umthamo igesi beyoba zilingana.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi kukhona inala igesi okulingana microstates. Boltzmann baphetha ngokuthi entropy kohlelo ezweni elithile incike isibalo microstates okulingana elaliyifa lakhe. Usosayensi Universe asibizwa yini futhi ngokuthi isethi microstates.

Imfihlakalo isikhathi

Naphezu okutholakele eziningi ezihunyushwe abantu emlandweni eziningi eziyimfihlakalo ngeke ezingaxazululeki isikhathi eside. Ngokwesibonelo, Sinesithakazelo esikhulu umbuzo ezijulile nabadala: kungani isikhathi siqhubeka kuphela kwelinye direction?

Boltzmann wachaza ukuthi umcibisholo okuthiwa isikhathi lapho entropy, isilinganiso wesiyaluyalu noma amandla ezingenalutho ayisoze kwehliswa irherho le-closed ezinjalo, njengoba yonke. Konke lokhu kunzima kakhulu, futhi omunye ukuphila akwanele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi konke lokhu kanjani ukuqonda.

Umkhathi Boltzmann

Boltzmann ubuchopho - kuba umqondo yonke. Ukuze kube phakade, konke kungenzeka. Boltzmann, yonke mhlawumbe Selokhu kwathi nhlo ukhona. izazi zezinkanyezi Modern ukuphika le nguqulo. Wazalelwa e-Big Bang iminyaka engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane 14 edlule. Amandla esiye zanqwabelana isikhala isikhathi eside, wakwazi ukuthola, futhi kancane kancane esikhundleni esiphithiphithini primordial ukuze abuyise ukuthula.

Boltzmann ubuchopho kanye nokwakheka

Manje ake sixoxe uxhumano olucutshungulwayo into esicabanga ukuthi kungaqhamuka nge wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto. Okwenza le ubuchopho Boltzmann ezithakazelisayo ngakho? Njengoba omunye ngezimfundiso ezihlukahlukene yokudalwa kanye nokuba khona ingqondo jikelele zisiza ukuhlola izici angajwayelekile kanye okuyimfihlakalo theory ngokomzimba ngemvelaphi. Lo mbuzo ubani ezithakazelisayo futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi angaba knock Stolk. Akubalulekile ukuqonda imfundiso yokuziphendukela ngokoqobo. Imane lingachazwa ngokuthi ukuhlola umcabango e wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto.

Thermodynamics - elibalulekile cwaningo ngenxa yokushisa nokungcola kugeleza. Heat - impahla ndaba ukuthi iziphatha njengoba uhlobo oluthile loketshezi, usuka kwenye indawo uya kwenye. Njengoba zonke izinto zihambe kahle endaweni yonke ngandlela-thile ezihlobene izici ukushisa ukugeleza, bacwaninga osekwenziwe on the subject wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto, ukuze uqonde kangcono ukuziphatha energy ezishisayo.

zilingana thermodynamic

Omunye nezimiso eziyisisekelo wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto - umbono ka zilingana. Uma uphonsa i cube ice in a ingilazi yamanzi, ukushiyana kwezidalwa lokushisa sekukhona kancane kancane equalized, ukushisa uzoqala igcwale amanzi amanzi ice futhi ekugcineni zonke ketshezi ifinyelela lokushisa iyunifomu.

Okunye okutholakele ezithakazelisayo ngale ndaba ka yakhoibrium thermodynamic wukuthi isistimu ingakwazi akuthola ukulinganisela okufanele, kubhekwa kakhulu amathuba, ngakho kuthathwa ngokuphepha ukuthi akusoze kwenzeke. Akukho mthetho ngokomzimba ukuthi kuzovumela yamanzi ingilazi, okuyinto iveze abantu amadayisi angesabi kuphole futhi baphendukele ice.

Okufike kudide nge-khona komuntu

Man - lena iqoqo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ehlelekile ndaba eyake yaba khona ngokwemvelo. Naphezu kwazo zonke imithetho wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto abantu khona, nakuba Boltzmann ubuchopho (isayensi eqanjiwe kuyinto noma ngokoqobo, akucaci kuze kube manje) isikisela ukuthi ukuphila komuntu - limane nje indida. Ukuvela lwesintu kubonakala Amazing ngisho esingaphezu cube ice kwakheka amanzi ngokushesha lapho kuthululwe kusukela empompini.

Lyudvig Boltsman ukuthi axakwe khona engenakwenzeka kusukela umbono wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto izinto njengabantu. Wasikisela ukuthi abantu - kungcono ice nje cubes ukuthi akhiwa angesabi. Kodwa endaweni yonke elingapheli, ayikho into engenakwenzeka futhi ekwenzekeni kwento engenakwenzeka.

umqondo yasekuqaleni

Physics, 19 futhi kwekhulu lama-20 imibono nemiqondo eziningana ezintsha lesi sikhathi, kodwa umqondo wegama elithi "Boltzmann ubuchopho" (umqondo yonke) uvelile kubo bonke, abeke phambili ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi icubungulisise ufundile futhi okuphilayo kwakhiwa ngokuzenzekelayo emkhathini. Konke lokhu kudinga omningi ngesikhathi.

Boltzmann ubuchopho - ke ungukukhombisa ukuthi yonke ine ukuphila isevisi angenamkhawulo. onobuhle Iningi ukubikezela ikusasa, kuyoba njalo exponentially ukunwetshwa.

Ophilayo Universe: Boltzmann ubuchopho

Kukhona ngoba kucatshangwa ukuthi kungaba khona esingenamkhawulo ukuthi kwamanye ama-universe. Zonke lezi universes sanda ngesilinganiso okuhle ngendlela engakholeki. Imfundiso ye-wezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zendawo yonke uhlala impikiswano, ngoba yokuthi liyinkimbinkimbi ngendlela kuba trudnodokazuemoy. Ukuhlala Umkhathi kuyinto umbono njengesidalwa bayazi, okuyinto zenziwa kusukela ekushintshashintsheni okungahleliwe kudala space kanye nesikhathi.

Lokhu kusho ukuthi iyehla iyenyuka stochastic ezingeni entropy (disorder) e indawo yonke ungayichaza kwakuthiwa ukukhiqiza into enzima, uma sinikwa isikhathi esanele. physics kwekhulu le-19 Lyudvig Boltsman yabonisa okokuqala, kungenzeka ukuthi kusukela iphuzu zezibalo umbono.

Endless Universe

Umkhathi obungapheli, lapho ukucushwa okungahleliwe izinhlayiya kungaba ngokuzenzekelayo avele aphele, imizimba ubuchopho elintantayo emkhathini - konke kunzima kangaka ukuqonda, ngoba umngcele ezingeni elifanayo ne ukubukwa kumnandi zomhlaba.

Into ngezikhathi ezikhethiwe endaweni yonke kokuba sizathu, kuyoba namathuba amaningi okuthi umphumela iyehla iyenyuka kuka siwumkhiqizo wokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Lona indida. Boltzmann ubuchopho empeleni zingatholakala mancane amathuba kuka wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngoba kwabantu Amathuba kumiswa ukuvela mkhiqizo ephakeme kunaleyo yakhe.

Ngokusho ososayensi, ingqondo - kuba kohliso adalwe nokuxhumana inqwaba izakhi elula. I ubuchopho bomuntu iyona namangqamuzana ezinzwa ukuthi umuntu ngamunye engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-86.

I computer ukwazi ukusebenzisa izibalo ezilula ukwakha izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi nobuchopho yakha isinyathelo nezinkumbulo ngenxa ukuxhumana sezinzwa. Futhi bezitolo ngakho Boltzmann kobuchopho ngaphezulu umcabango ukuhlola okuklanyelwe ebekela imibono wobuntu mayelana isakhiwo yonke. Futhi sengathi ucwaningo kakhulu ezihilela infinity ubukhulu, kuba eziyize.

Okwenzeka esikhathini esidlule - kuba kohliso

Mayelana ubuchopho Boltzmann uthi kulokho akubiza ngokuthi izinkumbulo nokuhlangenwe nakho esidlule luyakhohlisa. Man ukholelwa ukuthi okuhlangenwe nakho ososayensi inikeza ubufakazi obunamandla bokuthi izwe iphuma Big Bang. Yonke idatha lokuhlola zonke sciences kuthiwa bhila inkumbulo.

Akufanele kuthathwe njengendlela ithiyori iphila agumenti Boltzmann sika. Kuze kube manje, isayensi has ubufakazi obanele ekuphikiseni eminye imibono abanye kumnandi. Kodwa iqiniso lokuthi kucatshangwa yasekuqaleni futhi ezithakazelisayo, akunakuphikwa.

Ukusikisela elihlakaniphile

Ungazama ukucabanga isikhashana ukuthi yonke (Boltzmann ubuchopho - uyinto, angesabi kwakheka ke) oyongena yakhoibrium ezishisayo. Ngokuya umthethosisekelo yamangqamuzana, ibhalansi iyaguquka. Negesi, isibonelo, kwasakazwa nombala esikhaleni etholakalayo ke. Nokho, iminyakazo yamangqamuzana okungahleliwe kungaletha isikhashana kancane ngaphezulu isimo obukhulu endaweni eyodwa futhi kancane kanzulu kwesinye.

oscillations Okukhulu nazo zingaba khona. ukuguquguquka ngokweqile kungabangela kokucindezelwa gas. Amathuba anjalo kokucindezelwa nolwazi uphansi. igesi ivolumu Jwayelekile kungenzeka 1024 molecule ezihambayo ngayodwana. Amathuba ukuthi bonke bangase babe endaweni eyodwa, amazing kanye ekwenzekeni kwento engenakwenzeka, kodwa iphuzu ngokomzimba umbono akuyona into engenakwenzeka ngakho.

Kodwa kuthiwani uma yonke kwaba obungapheli, lapho emaningi khona isikhathi nokushintshashintsha okungahleliwe? Khona-ke, ngesikhathi esifanele endaweni efanele kungaba nanoma yini nje, noma kungaba abantu, izilwane, izimoto, noma superintelligence jikelele. Wacabanga le-physics esidumile noyise Lyudvig Boltsman wokushintsha kwamandla nokwakheka kwezinto, konke kungenzeka endaweni yonke elingapheli.