Isayensi Basic: izibonelo. isayensi naletinye isicelo

Man, yingxenye imvelo nokuba ezinye izici ezifanayo kanye izilwane, ikakhulukazi wezinkawu, kodwa futhi unalo impahla eyingqayizivele kakhulu. ingqondo yakhe Ungenza izenzo, ngokuthi Psychology engqondweni yethu - yobuchopho. ikhono lomuntu ukucabanga ngendlela yazo esabalele ezithuthukisa we- cortex cerebral, bamyisa ukukuqonda imithetho okubhekiswe ezihleli ukuvela imvelo nasemphakathini. Ngenxa yalokho, into enjalo umsuka cognition njengoba isayensi eyisisekelo.

Kulesi sihloko sizohlola ukuthuthukiswa bamagatsha awo ahlukahlukene, futhi ukuthola ukuthi yini izifundo theory zihluke amafomu esisebenzayo izinqubo yobuchopho.

ulwazi jikelele - kuyini?

Ingxenye imisebenzi yokufunda, ukuhlola izimiso eziyisisekelo isakhiwo netindlela wendawo yonke, kanye ezithinta ubudlelwane esiyimbangela ezivela ukuxhumana kwezinto kulomhlaba - it is a isayensi eyisisekelo.

It yakhelwe ukutadisha izici theory kokubili isayensi nezibalo ezingamaGreki, imfundo kanye humanities. amabhizinisi akhethekile United Nations ababehileleke kwezesayensi, imfundo kanye namasiko - UNESCO - libhekisela abacwaningi eliyisisekelo yibo kungaholela ekutholakaleni imithetho entsha yonke, kanye ukusungula izixhumanisi phakathi izenzakalo of imvelo kanye nezinjongo into ebonakalayo.

Kungani ngidinga ukusekela izifundo theory

Esinye sezici esingokwemvelo emazweni athuthukile, iyona lizinga lelisetulu lelwati jikelele kanye uxhaso elinomusa izikole yesayensi uhileleke kumaphrojekthi global. Njengomthetho, awaniketi nzuzo okusheshayo impahla, futhi ngokuvamile isikhathi esiningi futhi ezibizayo. Nokho, it is a isayensi esiyinhloko siwukuthi yini isisekelo okwakhelwa kuso kusekelwe nakho eziwusizo kanye nokuqaliswa imiphumela emkhakheni wezezimboni, ezolimo, imithi nezinye imikhakha yomsebenzi womuntu.

Isayensi lokubalulekile isicelo - amandla ukushayela kwenchubekelembili

Ngakho, ulwazi global we okushiwo ukuphila zonke izinhlobo liwumkhiqizo imisebenzi kohlaziyo and zokwenziwa zobuchopho bomuntu. ezizathwini enokwehla zefilosofi yemvelo ngokuqhubekayo kwendaba lasendulo kuye kwaholela umbono wokuba khona izinhlayiya ezincane - athomu, okushiwo, isibonelo, kule inkondlo Lucretius 'Ngolweshumi Umhlobo Izinto ". ucwaningo Brilliant M. V Lomonosova noJ Dalton kwaholela ekusungulweni ezivelele theory-athomu-yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.

Postulates okwavele isayensi eyisisekelo, wakhonza njengephayona ngesisekelo okwalandela ucwaningo osetshenziswayo eyenziwa ososayensi kanye nodokotela.

Kusukela theory ukuzijayeza

Indlela kusukela iKhabhinethi usosayensi theory elabhorethri ucwaningo kungathatha iminyaka eminingi, futhi kungaba nehlolamvula egcwele izinto ezintsha. Ngokwesibonelo, ososayensi Russian D. D. Ivanenko no E. M. Gapon ngo-1932 e-laboratory kwatholakala ukubunjwa nuclei athomu, futhi ngokushesha Uprofesa AP Zhdanov kwafakazela khona ngaphakathi kuyi-nucleus ye samabutho amakhulu kakhulu ezenza proton kanye neutrons ndawonye. Babizwa ngokuthi ama-enuzi kanye isicelo isiyalo - Izinzwa Zendawo Nezinye - itholé ukusetshenziswa nabo tsiklofazotronah (ngomunye wabokuqala esungulwe ngo-1960 e Dubna) e amandla enuzi sikhungo (ngo-1964 Obninsk), embonini lempi. Konke okungenhla rivedennye kithi izibonelo ezibonisa indlela ezihlobene lokubalulekile isicelo isayensi.

Indima ucwaningo theory ekuqondeni ukuvela kulomhlaba

Akukhona ukuthi kumane kuqondane ekuqaleni kumiswa ulwazi lomuntu lihlotshaniswa ukuthuthukiswa, ngokuyinhloko zemvelo wesayensi uhlelo. Umphakathi wethu waqale wazama ukuba hhayi kuphela abazi imithetho ngokoqobo impahla, kodwa futhi ukuze uthole phezu kwabo amandla ngokuphelele. Engingakusho nje kokukhumbula aphorism abadumile I. V Michurina: ". Asikwazi ukulinda ngoba befuna ngibenzele okuthile nemvelo, uzithatha ezivela kuye - Inkinga yethu" Ukuze sicacise leli phuzu, ake sicabangele indlela Science eliyisisekelo athuthukile. Izibonelo asekelayo wayeyisazi womuntu zingatholakala ku izinto ezazithola ezaholela kulesi ekwakhiweni umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi jikelele.

Lapho ukusebenzisa ulwazi umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi

Konke kwaqala nge uGalileo zokuhlola, owaba ukuthi esisindo akuphazamisi izinga lapho ke uwela phansi. Khona-ke, ngo-1666, Isaak Nyuton zavela le postulate letindlela tekuphila temhlaba wonkhe - umthetho wamandla adonsela phansi.

ulwazi theory, okuyinto wathandwa physics - ayisisekelo isayensi yemvelo, isintu besilokhu kusetshenziswa ngempumelelo e yezindlela zesimanje kwehlwaywe, e ekubikezeleni elawula ukuphakama kwamagagasi asolwandle. imithetho Newton BakaJehova esetshenziswa ukuqhuba traffic izibalo kwezindlela zomhlaba iziphuphutheki kanye iziteshi intergalactic.

Biology - isayensi eyisisekelo

Mhlawumbe akukho kwelinye igatsha bolwazi lwabantu akukho amaningi kangaka amaqiniso ukuthi bayisibonelo acacile ukuthuthukiswa eziyingqayizivele izinqubo engqondweni yethu ku Sapiens zinhlobo Homo. Postulates wesayensi yemvelo owasungulwa kaCharles Darwin, Gregor Mendel, Thomas Morgan, I. P. Pavlovym, I. I. Mechnikovym nabanye ososayensi, ngokuyinhloko ukuthonywa ukuthuthukiswa yesimanje yokuziphendukela kwemvelo theory, imithi, zizalela, izakhi zofuzo kanye nezolimo. Ngezansi, sethula izibonelo ezifakazela yokuthi emkhakheni wesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, isayensi lokubalulekile isicelo kukhona eduze sixhumene.

Kusukela ucwaningo nesizotha emibhedeni - kuya-genetic engineering

Esikhathini Maphakathi nekhulu XIX edolobheni elincane eningizimu Bohemia Mendel wachitha ekufikeni ucwaningo phakathi ipea izinhlobo ezimbalwa ezingalingani umbala ifomu imbewu. Esikhathini ukukhiqizwa izitshalo hybrid Mendel baqoqa izithelo nembewu ngokubala nezakhi ezihlukene. Ngenxa okukhulu yayo extreme futhi pedantry, experimenter basebenza izinkulungwane ucwaningo, imiphumela zazo ethulwa embikweni.

ososayensi Mfo, walalela ngenhlonipho, wamshiya ingagadiwe. Kodwa kwaba nhlanga zimuka nomoya. Kwathatha iminyaka engu-cishe ikhulu, ososayensi eziningana - de Vries futhi Correns Cermak - yamemezela kokutholakala imithetho ufuzo kanye kudalwa elisha begazi isiyalo - zofuzo. Kodwa azithele ngabandayo ubuqhawe ayihambanga kubo.

Isici isikhathi ukuqonda yolwazi theory

Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi ubakhohlisile, bayokuzwa kabili ucwaningo of Mendel, ukuthatha kuphela nezinye izindawo ngocwaningo lwabo. Maphakathi XX leminyaka izinto ezintsha zofuzo wathela kusukela a Cornucopia. Kusho uDe Vries kwenza kuguquka yakhe ithiyori, T. Morgan - chromosome imfundiso yokuziphendukela ufuzo, Watson Crick wokufunda isakhiwo DNA.

Nokho, postulates ezintathu eziyinhloko owasungulwa G. Mendel, zisekhona legumbi okukhona biology. isayensi lasisekelo usekufakazele futhi ukuthi imiphumela yayo never ngeze. Balindele nje esifanele, lapho isintu uzolunga ukuqonda kanye nokulinganisa ulwazi olusha ngenxa yokufaneleka.

Indima humanities eyala ukuthuthukiswa ulwazi global mayelana oda emhlabeni

Umlando - omunye amagatsha yokuqala bolwazi lwabantu, nesuka ezikhathini zasendulo. Umsunguli wawo kubhekwa uHerodotus umsebenzi theory lokuqala - lo indatshana "umlando", ebhalwe kuye. Kuze kube manje, lo isayensi uyaqhubeka efundelwa izenzakalo zesikhathi esidlule, kanye ukuhlonza kungenzeka ubuhlobo imbangela nemphumela phakathi kwabo esikalini njengoba ukuziphendukela kwemvelo jikelele, futhi ekuthuthukiseni lamazwe ngamanye.

ucwaningo Ezivelele Comté, M. Weber, G. Spencer wakhonza ubufakazi kuqine esivuna isitatimende ukuthi umlando - isayensi eyisisekelo, eyenzelwe ukusungula imithetho ukuthuthukiswa komphakathi wesintu ku ngezigaba ezahlukene zentuthuko yayo.

imikhakha yayo isicelo - Umlando kwezomnotho, imivubukulo, umlando wombuso kanye nomthetho - ukuqonda kwethu le nhlangano kanye kwemvelo izimiso yomphakathi umongo ukuthuthukiswa impucuko.

Wokuqulwa kwamacala ezinkantolo kanye endaweni yayo sciences theory

ingabe isimo, okuyinto kungembula amaphethini inqubo yentuthuko yayo, iziphi izimiso zokubambisana phakathi isimo kanye ilungelo kanjani - ukuphendula imibuzo eyisisekelo isayensi zomthetho. Liqukethe ezijwayeleke kakhulu yonke imikhakha isicelo lwezigaba umthetho nasemiqondweni ethile. Babe ngempumelelo isicelo umsebenzi wobuchwepheshe kwezobugebengu wenza, forensics, Psychology labo elisemthethweni.

Umthetho kuqinisekisa ngokuvumelana nemithetho lomthetho nemithetho akwenzayo yisimo kubalulekile ukuze kulondolozwe nokuchuma isimo.

Iqhaza computer science e izinqubo kwembulunga yonke

Ukuze Cabanga nje ukuthi zingakanani ziphoqa lokhu isayensi ezweni lanamuhla, sikunikeza izibalo ezilandelayo: ezingaphezu kuka-60% yonke imisebenzi emhlabeni wonke anemisila amakhompyutha kanye nezimboni zobuchwepheshe figure antante 95%. Isula Imininingwane imingcele ephakathi uthi futhi imiphakathi yabo, ukusungulwa ukuhweba ezweni global futhi monopolies kwezomnotho, ukwakheka amanethiwekhi ngamazwe yokuxhumana akunakwenzeka ngaphandle IT-ubuchwepheshe.

Computing njengoba isayensi eyisisekelo kudala ukumiswa kwemigomo kanye nezindlela ngokusipha ukuphathwa computer ye iyiphi izindlela izinto nezinqubo emphakathini. isicelo ethembisayo umkhakha Ezazimzungezile - ukuthuthukiswa amanethiwekhi, informatics kwezomnotho, kanye nokuphathwa zokukhiqiza ikhompyutha.

Umnotho kanye indzawo yayo engaba yesayensi ngamazwe

isayensi nakwezomnotho luyisisekelo ukukhiqizwa yesimanje kwemibuso ezimbonini. Leli gama lembula izixhumanisi esiyimbangela phakathi zonke izikhonzi okwenzekayo okuphathelene nomnotho inkampani, kanye nokuthuthukisa indlela ngoba isikhala kwezomnotho ezivamile kulesi silinganiso impucuko komuntu kwanamuhla.

Oluvelayo emibhalweni u-Adam Smith noDavide Ricardo, kokuba ithathe imibono M. Friedman ka monetarism, isayensi kwezomnotho kwanamuhla kwenza bekholelwa nomqondo neo-classic kanye kuqhakanjiswe. Kususelwa kubo, kwakheka isicelo umkhakha: Yesifunda umnotho post-ezimbonini. Bafunda indlela izimiso Kwabiwa okunengqondo ukukhiqizwa, kanye nemiphumela intuthuko kwezobuchwepheshe.

Kulesi sihloko sithole ukuthi yini indima emphakathini ekuthuthukiseni isayensi eyisisekelo. Izibonelo ezinikezwe ngenhla ukuqinisekisa ukubaluleka ngokuyinhloko ulwazi imithetho nezimiso okusebenzela kulomhlaba.