Amandla Tree eRussia: isikimu

Isimiso lapho wenziwe ngokhuni amandla wesifunda amagatsha, washayelwa okokuqala kaJ Locke -. Uthisha isiZulu owaphila ngekhulu le-17. Wayengumuntu Umphikisi asebenzayo dlova futhi ngalwela imfundiso yokuziphendukela inkontileka kwezenhlalo futhi ngithandaze esikoleni. Kwenye yezincwadi zakhe, Locke ahlinzekwa ukwabelana amandla ezindaweni ezintathu. Ngemva kwalokho, lesi simiso kuyinto ejwayelekile. Cabangela eminye ukuthi isikimu kungumuthi amandla.

izici Jikelele

Umbhali nesimiso sokuhlukanisa amandla, Locke ezihlongozwayo ukuhlukanisa phakathi amagatsha amathathu;

1. Executive. ikhanda lakhe kufanele kube ngesandla esiqinile.
2. Legislative. Kuyinto ePhalamende.
3. Federal. Njengengxenye yalolu isiqondiso Kwenziwa inqubomgomo angaphandle.

Ngu ngqongqotshe wayisa izinkantolo Locke. uyisibonelo yendabuko iye ehlongozwayo ngu uthisha French Sh. L. Monteske. Its ukhuni amandla uhlelo kuhlanganisiwe:

1. Abantu.
2. izikhungo Executive. Wayephinde eyethulwe le nkosi futhi nakanjani elinganiselwe.
3. Namajaji. imisebenzi yaso zihlanganisa ukuqashwa kukaNksz isijeziso ubugebengu futhi izingxabano phakathi kwabantu.
4. amandla Legislative. Kufanele kube umhlangano abamele ukuveza izithakazelo sabantu.

amagatsha Tree ngamandla by Lakho okhonza njengesosha umbandela ungamela ibhodi eseqile. Noma kunjalo, esabhalwa yayo uMthethosisekelo alikhulumi yakhoibrium Amathrendi. Kwakuthinta babecabanga ukuthi isikhundla ephakeme Institute esiyoba isishayamthetho. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukwehlukana ukwesekwa kanye Rousseau. Nokho, amandla komkhiwane wakhe esekelwe isimiso kuqala sovereignty of abantu. Rousseau enamathiselwe kakhulu intando yeningi ngqo.

United States

Melika ekuqaleni umuntu wadalwa njengoba i-republic. Kulokhu, lo ukuhlanganyela kwathiwa kusaqalwa. Ngemva kwalokho, yena yaguqulwa Republican isimo sikahulumeni. Abasunguli be-United States baye ezinwetshiwe imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla. Bona nezaba isidingo ukuzimela futhi izinkomba ukuzihlukanisa main. Phakathi okuyizona lo mkhuba zomthetho. Ukuze ugweme ukungalingani, kwanqunywa phezu division ephalamende eNdlini - yasenhla nemithombo yasenzansi. Inqubo yokhetho wokuqala ngesikhathi esifanayo ngokuphongoza imithetho wanakekela yesibili. Ekamelweni eliphezulu ngesikhathi Kusolwa njengoba isici Ukulawula i-phansi. Betebulungiswa unendima ekhethekile.

Umhlaba umkhuba

Esikhathini ezweni ngokomthethosisekelo amandla isihlahla ephawula ukuxhumana phakathi ephalamende, uhulumeni kanye nomongameli. amandla ezahlukene savela izinhlobo zohulumeni. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakhiwa eyodwa noma elinye icebo kwamandla esihlahleni.

Ebangeni le-3: emhlabeni

Ukwazana kuqala nge lomgomo zokubusa Amathrendi kukhona izingane esikoleni sabaqalayo. I eemfundweni elalibazungezile ahlinzekwa isikimu kahle elula kwamandla esihlahleni. Ibanga 3 ingabe akuhileli Ukulifunda ngijule ezihlukahlukene zikahulumeni. Izingane zinikwa ulwazi jikelele ukuze engimbumbile umqondo apharathasi nezokuphatha isimo. Base ukudweba isihlahla okulula amandla. 3 ekilasini ihlinzeka nesimiso ukujwayelaniswa umqondo, njengoba uMthethosisekelo. Phela, futhi Uvikela nesimiso sokuhlukanisa ukubika izikhungo zomphakathi izinkomba.

ohlanga

Umuthi nge amagatsha kwamandla eRussia phakathi nesikhathi ohlanga elinganiselwe (phakathi linemibhikisho-mlando okubili okwenzeka) wasikisela ukuthi iPhalamende unelungelo umthetho, futhi inkosi elakha uhulumeni futhi unekhono ukuphoqelela imithetho ilungelo likasihlalo lokunqabela. A uhlelo efanayo ubelokhu UK emva Revolution Mnandi. Ngo amakhosi ohlanga ePhalamende, inhloko yezwe ubhekwa bokuzisholo. Akenzi basebenzise amandla abo ngokuzimela. Monarch unelungelo ukwakha uhulumeni kusukela ngokuwina okhethweni futhi abamele amaqembu akha iningi. Yena ingase yabelwe, nezinye amandla. Kodwa empeleni ugijima ikhanda izwe uhulumeni. isihlahla okunjalo kwamandla ungakwazi kuphela khona khona esitebeleni uhlelo ezimbili eceleni.

ohlanga eliphelele

Zonke amandla, njengoba leli gama lisikisela, bagxila ezandleni zenkosi. Kulokhu, yebo, mayelana nanoma yimaphi division of umbuzo. Khonamanjalo wezinguquko eyaziwa Speranski ezihlongozwayo kuphrojekthi okuyinto efakwe lapho sebebuswa inkosi zomthethosisekelo kanye ezimele owethulwa ohlelweni mpo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kulindeleke ukuqaliswa isimiso ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla:

1. Legislative idluliselwe Ngokubabazekayo Duma.
2. Executive - nkosi.
3. Ezobulungiswa - izinkantolo, eliholwa Umkhandlu Wezigele kanye amajaji.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, amandla athile ungase uthole uMkhandlu WoMbuso. Ngesikhathi Decembrists ayezicabangela okwawo ngale ndaba. Ngakho, Pestel ezihlongozwayo ukusungula umbuso yokubusa Republican. Kulesi simiso, okuhlose ukwethula ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla phakathi esiphezulu (kuhlanganise ubulungiswa kulo), lomthetho nokwengamela. Ngaphezu kwalokho kwahlongozwa ukunweba umkhuba of the People. Ngokusho iphrojekthi Muraviev sihilela ukusungulwa lapho sebebuswa inkosi ngokomthethosisekelo, iyunithi sikahulumeni. Ohlelweni lwakhe, amandla sehlukaniswe zomthetho, zokwahlulela neyokuphatha, wasungula ephalamende bicameral. U-Alexander II wenza kabusha. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakhiwa uhulumeni wendawo uhlelo esinobunye ezinkantolo. Ngo 1905-1906 GG., Emva ukumiswa koMbuso Wakwa-Duma isimiso ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla igxilile ku Manifesto of October 17. Ngokusho idokhumenti igunya lomthetho possessed Monarch kanye Duma futhi uMkhandlu Wombuso. Umbusi futhi wayengamela nemihlangano benawo emandla ekuphatsa. Ezinkantolo bafeze imisebenzi yabo egameni le nkosi. UMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe selande laze laba kombuso ozimele ngaphansi kombusi.

republic kaMongameli

Nge ifomu kwamandla uhulumeni isihlahla ubukeka bha. I-US-sisekelo we-1787 wasungula isimiso a division esiqinile. Ngokuhambisana emileyo ngokhetho wenziwa extraparliamentary. Uhola lonke ngqongqotshe futhi uhulumeni. UMongameli unelungelo a ilungelo likasihlalo lokunqabela esimisiwe futhi awukwazi chaza ephalamende. Leli fomu usebenza kungakhathaliseki uhlelo party. Nokho, engabondli abakubo izindlela ekuxazululeni inkinga eyakhelwe ngaphezu komthethosisekelo.

amandla Tree eRussia: isikimu phakathi nenkathi yamaSoviet

Ngesikhathi kubusa amaSoviet, isimiso ngokwahlukana empeleni kwenziwe. Zonke amandla amaSoviet kwaba (ngokusemthethweni abantu). emizimbeni yabaPhathi kanye nakweminye ezakhiwe kubo babacela ukuba ngaphansi kolawulo. Isihlahla kwamandla eRussia kwamaSoviet asebezifinyelele kakade ukuba khona ephathini olulodwa. Ukhetho olwenziwa ngaphandle kokuphikiswa. Iqembu, yathumela amanxusa ayo kwiBhodi, futhi ngabo - kwezinye izitho.

republic super-kamongameli

Kulesi zohulumeni sibuya impela amandla owodwa isihlahla eRussia. Isikimu kulokhu aluhileli kuhlonyiswa kwetinhlangano esiphezulu nemizimba zomthetho. UMongameli kulelizwe ukuqhuba imishini yabo yonke imisebenzi. Yena elakha uhulumeni eshintsha umthetho, ancibilikisa ephalamende. UMongameli angase ababizele inhlolovo. Ubizwa abakhethwe kubantu, kodwa kungaqinisekisa ukunqoba kwako ngokusebenzisa umthombo zokuphatha. Kwezinye izimo, livotele ku kuyoshaya amandla kamongameli. A izinhlobo zohulumeni libhekene imibuso kobushiqela. Isikhathi esifushane, it ingafakwa ngesikhathi ukususwa obumbi eyakhelwe ngaphezu komthethosisekelo. Kahle kahle, lokhu kukhona umuthi amandla eRussia kusukela ngo-September 21 kuya ku-December 25, 1993

Reform 1988-1993 GG.

kwakukhona eziningana kwekuhlela kabusha ngokomthethosisekelo eRussia. Phakathi uMthetho Basic wenze izinguquko ezengeziwe ngo-1988, izinguquko. Ikakhulukazi, eyambumbayo ezimbili esiteji uhlelo Board. Ngakho, uma kukhethwa amasekela zabantu eyenziwa izakhamuzi, kanye kumiswa uMkhandlu Ephakeme esenziwa Congress. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwentelwa kutsi letichibiyelo Kuye kwanikezwa ithuba baphakamise lamalungu azimele angenele ukhetho. Ngo-1990, iSoviet Union wokuqala owaqhutshelwa ukhetho ukuncintisana. Ngemva konyaka, izinguquko ezazenziwa uMthethosisekelo RSFSR, owawuthi kwakhiwa iKomiti Obhekela kanye Federation Council. Ngo-1991, ngesikhathi inhlolovo Zonke-Russian waphasiswa ukusungulwa okuthunyelwe umengameli. UMtsetfosisekelo, wayengabhekiseli kubhekwa njengento ikhanda yezwe futhi wakhonza njengephayona isikhulu esiphezulu yemizimba esiphezulu.

Nakulokhu futhi, umbuzo ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla wakhulela 1992. Lokhu kwakubangelwa esibucayi ojulile ngokomthethosisekelo kuleli zwe. Ngenxa yalokho ekutjhugululweni kwenziwa ngo-September 1993, lapho ukuphikiswa wazama ukuketula umongameli Yeltsin ke. Nokho, inhloko yezwe uthathé eziningana esizithathayo, phakathi owawungumnyaka nokonakala kohlelo eMikhandlu ezweni lonke, ukudluliselwa mphathi amandla okulawula ukuze bentando endawo nawesifunda. Disemba 12, 1993 inhlolovo kazwelonke evunyiwe uMthethosisekelo omusha enshrine isimiso ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla, esebenza namuhla.

isiphetho

Umqondo ukwahlukaniswa kwamandla yabekwa izinguquko ezihlukahlukene. I imithethosisekelo lamazwe ahlukahlukene isikhundla esukela izikimu esiqinile sokuqala wabonakala njalo. Abalobi aphakanyisiwe kokubusa isimiso kwezikhungo zomthetho. Kodwa phakathi nekhulu 19-20th. lanqoba engameli futhi ngqongqotshe. Lokhu kungenxa yokuba yinkimbinkimbi okwandisa lonke uhlelo lokulawula ngokomongo kwezimboni kanye ke umphakathi ulwazi. Emazweni lapho ngaphezulu bekulokhu legatsha zomthetho, lalilungiselelwe ngaphansi nethonya elikhulu zezombangazwe. Lapho ahlukahlukene lokhu kwaholela ukuntengantenga yokuphathwa komphakathi indlela, futhi izinguquko njalo kuhulumeni, futhi iqembu elilodwa - lokho okushiwo umfelandawonye yokubusa. Ezimweni zanamuhla ukwehlukana kwenziwa amagatsha ezimele hhayi phakathi ezintathu, bese ubamba bahlukaniswe iziqondiso ku uhlelo olulodwa kwamandla. Ubuqotho isimo ngeke kube khona kumadivayisi eziningana control. Futhi legatsha ayikwazi ukusebenza ngokuphelele eceleni komunye nomunye.