Imvubelo njengoba uhlobo? izindlela imvubelo esiphelweni

Kulesi sihloko, sizogxila enjalo ezithakazelisayo ezincane-eziphilayo ezifana nemvubelo. Njengoba banda? On lo mbuzo kufanele aphendule. Uzofunda ukuthi izici yokuzalanisa nemvubelo.

Lokuzaliswa - iyona kabusha amangqamuzana amasha, okuyinto efana ncamashí umzali. Umphumela ke, iningi eziphilayo owumphumela ukwenyusa yenani labantu. Le nqubo microorganism ikakhulukazi ngenxa "Ubuhlobo" nge oluzungezile zabo namasiko naphakathi. Kufanele udale isimo, okuyinto lokulawula isinyathelo enzyme ethile.

Ososayensi bathole ukuthi ama-enzyme reducers - ejenti enamandla ekunciphiseni ukuthi kokudedelwa ngo medium lapho ukukhula kwembewu kwenzeka lemali ukubambezeleka of imvubelo cells. Ayakwenza cell ulwelwesi (i-amaprotheni disulfide izibopho). Ngalesi igobolondo iba permeable kokuthola medium izakhi. Lokhu kuqinisekisa enzyme biosynthesis, kuhlanganise constitutive.

izindlela imvubelo esiphelweni

Iya ngqo nesihloko sethu. "Imvubelo ukukhiqiza kabusha by ezinhlamvu noma cha?" - impendulo yalo mbuzo kuyadida. Iqiniso lokuthi amangqamuzana zalezi zinto, kuncike kule mibandela isiko, ungakwazi ukukhiqiza kabusha kwezocansi vegetatively. Ifomu zokugcina kunqunywa okuqondene iqembu elithile eziphila ezimele (isb umndeni) sokuhlukanisa, by luthela futhi luthela, ophela division. Okwamanje, echazwe izinhlobo ezine esiphelweni vegetative nemvubelo.

Uhlobo lokuqala ukuveza vegetative

Waphawula, isibonelo, Saccharomyces uhlobo lwe (e Saccharomycetaceae umndeni). Kulokhu, indaba ka lapho igobolondo siqukethe amaseli komama akuthunyelwa ngqo igobolondo amangqamuzana amasha indodakazi. Ezigabeni zokuqala zokukhula ziyaluthola ngenxa yokuthi it is kuhlelwe umqondo futhi kancane kancane aqoqana ngasesinqeni se izinso uqobo. Ngakho izibazi kukhona ezindaweni ugobile kunazozonke ulwelwesi cell. Ngokuvamile benjalo eduze komunye nomunye, bathi ahlelwe Kuvunguza noma umbuthano.

Nokho, le nqubo nobuntu bonke eziphilayo okuqondene iqembu isikhunta unicellular ngokuthi "imvubelo". Njengezinye yohlobo lwazo zizalela? Siyaqhubeka indaba yethu.

Eyesibili uhlobo

Uhlobo elilandelayo esiphelweni vegetative is ebonwe imvubelo izizukulwane Hanseniaspora futhi Saccharo-mycodes (umndeni Saccharoinycoaaceae). sici lakhe - luthela polar, kanjalo ukwakha isibanda amaningi. Kulokhu, kwakhiwa izinso (lokho esandisa imvubelo) is ngenxa ziboya isibanda kwezinso, awasalayo kusukela luthela langaphambilini, futhi ngodonga phakathi amaseli ngilulekela.

Uhlobo lwesithathu

Ubelokhu emndenini imvubelo Schizosaccharomyceta-seae (isibonelo, uhlobo lwe Schizosaccharomyces). Isici lolu hlobo ukuthi ukukhula cell ulwelwesi biopolyaren. Indaba entsha amaseli kwakhiwa, lifakwa ngesimo yayifanekisela nomxhantela annular kuseli isikhungo injongo yawo endaweni division.

ukukhiqizwa kabusha vegetative: Uhlobo lwesine

Kuyinto isici Endomyces magnusii, amaseli wabo cylindrical. Kulokhu, sokuhlukanisa izinguquko ezihlelekile waphawula lonke igobolondo layo. Uma kukhona okuningi ukuhlukana, igobolondo yakhiwa izingqimba eziningana, okuyinto ahlelwe parallel futhi waphetha ku rumen komunye nomunye.

mitosis

ezithile ingxenye kwesakhiwo zokwakheka nucleus futhi cytoplasm wabe indodakazi amaseli umzali ngesikhathi micropropagation. Ngaphambi ngalinye division cell lapho-chromosomes ukuthi idlalwa eyodwa ngesikhathi futhi zonke ngesikhathi esifanayo. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukusatshalaliswa iyunifomu phakathi inkampani kanye iseli umzali. Kulesi hlobo ubungako bokudlulisa ebizwe mitosis siyenzeka inombolo ngokuqinile njalo wama-chromosomes e-izizukulwane cell.

Olufufusayo umama cell

Sithole ukuthi izinso - yinto esandisa lapho imvubelo vegetatively. Uma sicabangela le nqubo ngesikhathi, kungase kuqashelwe ukuthi ihora elilodwa indodakazi iseli kwakhiwa ngokuphelele izimo elikhulu. Kodwa omunye akakwazi ukuphinda bangaphezi inqubo luthela. Umama cell ngesikhathi esaphila ine isilinganiso 25-30 luthela (izibazi tribal). Isivikelo yale nqubo - ushintsho kuseli odongeni isakhiwo, okuyinto lihlotshaniswa nezibazi. Bona kuholele nokuncipha ubuso bayo ewusizo, okuyinto kunciphisa umzimba amaprotheni wokuqukethwe, DNA, i-RNA kumaseli futhi kuholela ekugcineni ekufeni.

Ungakhetha ngenye indlela, siphawula umbuzo kanjani ukuzalela nemvubelo. Izingxabano le nqubo. Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi ngokobulili. Ake sicabangele ke kabanzi.

Imodi ngokocansi ukuveza

Imvubelo ukubuyabuyelela okuyinto eyenzeka njengoba ucansi noma vegetatively ukumela kusukela lo mbono eziningi ezithakazelisayo. Ososayensi abaningi abake batadisha ukuziphatha alawa magciwane. Bathola ukuthi indlela ngokobulili lihlotshaniswa ukuhluma ezinhlamvu, okuyizinto asci noma izikhwama (bebizwa ascospores) kumaseli vegetative. Njengoba imvubelo ukukhiqiza kabusha by ezinhlamvu? Asivume.

Le nqubo ibizwa ephelezelwa division of nucleus ngokusebenzisa meiosis. Lapho culturing imvubelo inguquko abukhali kusukela okugcwele naphakathi abampofu ngezakhi, phambi umswakama okwanele olwenzeka eningi reserve izinto esitokisini ukufinyelela-mpilo kwenzeka sporulation. Okuholela kuwo ascospores amelana kwezimo ezingezinhle kwemvelo (omiswe, lokushisa eliphezulu), kodwa abaqiniseki thermally esitebeleni kuka lezinhlamvu virus. Ascospores afe ezingeni lokushisa mayelana 60 ° C, kanti ezinhlamvu webhaktheriya zingamelana lokushisa eliphakeme - amanzi ngisho ephakeme abilayo.

Ascospores akhiwa ngokuvamile ngenxa yobulili Fusion 2 imvubelo cells kanye nokwehlukana okwalandela-nucleus ye-elivundisiwe. Abakwazi eyodwa kuya ezine, ngezinye izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili kwelinye ascus. Uma izimo ekukhuleni vegetative mahle, lezinhlamvu ziqhume ku fresh isiko naphakathi, bese kukhona kabusha izinso amaseli.

Ukuguquguquka kwempilo imvubelo

Ngo imvubelo, ngibone umjikelezo wokuphila lihlotshaniswa kushintshana spore futhi esiphelweni vegetative nge ubude ezahlukene izigaba diploid futhi haploid. Imvubelo Saccharomyces, lapho kukhona ushintsho gaplo- futhi diplofaz, ngamaqembu amabili: gomotallichnye futhi heterothallic.

zamagciwane heterothallic

zamagciwane Heterothallic izinze haploid kanye isigaba diploid. Kulokhu, amaseli diploid bayakwazi wande vegetatively unomphela, badlulele sporulation ngaphansi kwezimo ezingezinhle. Ngenxa yalokho, kwakhiwa haploid spore asci, ngamunye elingelakwaJuda omunye 2-kokuzalela izinhlobo. ngaleyo ndlela Copulation kwenziwe kuphela uma behlangana 2 ascospores noma amaseli zamagciwane ezahlukene haploid, okuphumela ekwakhiweni kwe-zygote, futhi diplofaza abuyiselwe.

Gomotallichnye nesigqi

Gomotallichnye zamagciwane kusukela heterothallic kuhluke ukuthi babe diplofaza esitebeleni. Behlukene the ukubuza ezinhlamvu haploid kwakhiwa isakhiwo diploid. Ngamanye amazwi, e nenzalo a spore olulodwa kwenzeka samodiploidizatsiya (Fusion amaseli haploid) ngenxa yokuthi lezinhlamvu kungenziwa exhunywe kunoma iyiphi inhlanganisela noma abancelisayo amaseli komama haploid kusukela ihlumela yayo.

Futhi kukhona gomotallichnyh imvubelo kokuzalela izinhlobo. AF Rusnak wafunda imvubelo zinhlobo SACCH. vini, ezisetshenziswa winemaking. Waphawula ukuba khona kwalezi isethi enkulu izinhlanga. Ngemva kokuhlaziya ke, umcwaningi waphetha ngokuthi uhlobo ogxile yabo gomotallichna.

Noma kunjalo, abanye imvubelo isimo haploid isikhathi eside siyakwazi nokuzala vegetatively. Njengoba isibonelo Chizosaccharomyces futhi Zygosaccharomyces. amaseli Haploid ukuze sporulation uhlangane, ukwakha zygote diploid. Khona ngosizo meiosis ihlukanisa futhi kuphakamisa ezinhlamvu ezine noma eziyisishiyagalombili haploid. Bona ziqhume, futhi ngemva kwesikhashana aqale ukuphindaphindeka esimweni haploid asexually.

amaphuzu Positive sporulation

Ukutadisha ezincane, njenge imvubelo (njengoba asakaze), abacwaningi baphawula ukuthi umzimba futhi umsebenzi jikelele microorganism behlisa ngesikhathi sporulation. Lesi simo kuqinisekisa sokusinda okungekuhle yabo izimo esiphelweni vegetative. Ngakho-ke, sporulation, elihlanganisa inqubo ukulondolozwa zinhlobo futhi zizalela, kufanele sithathwe njengehlelo isinyathelo esihle ekuthuthukiseni imvubelo eziphilayo.

Imiphumela yocwaningo B. Pazoni

B. Pazoni wafunda indlela imvubelo nande. Bakhandwa etholwe Imiphumela ezithakazelisayo nomthelela ukusebenza kahle futhi ukuphila umsebenzi alawa magciwane isinyathelo ukuzala. Isiko iwayini imvubelo ababedlula nge eminye sporulation kanye spore ukuhluma inqubo diploidization, udlule ijubane ukuvutshelwa we isiko wort ukuthi lezi izigaba kungukuthi lidlule. Ekuhlolweni kwenziwe izimo poluproizvodstvennyh, kwaba nenkathi ukwehla ukuvutshelwa kusukela ezinsukwini 35 kuya 21-31.

Ngakho, benza ohlangana enjalo ezithakazelisayo ezincane-eziphilayo ezifana nemvubelo. Njengoba banda, manje uyazi. Sithemba ukuthi ukhumbule lokho izici ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko. Isibiliso ukukhiqiza kabusha by ezinhlamvu kanye Olufufusayo. Ngayinye yalezi zindlela Kwenziwa ezimweni ezithile, futhi ngamunye kubo has izici zayo siqu.