Economist u-Milton Friedman: A Biography, imibono, ukuphila futhi amazwi

U-Milton Friedman - oyisazi sezomnotho waseMelika ngo-1976 bathola uMklomelo KaNobel ngocwaningo lwakhe emkhakheni ukusetshenziswa, umlando yemali nokuba yinkimbinkimbi inqubomgomo njengoba sinjalo. Nge George Stigler kwaba ekhaliphile umholi isizukulwane sesibili eSikole Chicago. Phakathi abafundi bakhe zezomnotho abavelele ezifana Buyela Umva Bekker, Robert Fogel, uRonald Kouz, Robert Lucas, Jr .. Imibono eziyisisekelo Friedman ayeyikhathalela komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali, intela, azimele, Ukususwa kwemibandela ekukhangiseni lwenqubomgomo yomphakathi, ikakhulukazi 1980. Monetarism futhi uye wathonya isinqumo kohlelo Federal ngesikhathi kunezinkinga zemali global.

Biography emfushane Miltona Fridmana: Eminyakeni yokuqala

Usosayensi esizayo wazalwa eBrooklyn, yezindawo empofu kakhulu yenhloko-New York. Abazali bakhe babedabuka eHungary. City esuka lapho thutha manje ensimini ka-Ukraine (Beregovo esifundeni yaseTranscarpathia). abazali Friedman sika bethengisa nendwangu. Ngemva nje kokuzalwa kwengane, umkhaya wathuthela emzini Rahway e-New Jersey. Ngiseyingane, Friedman ithole ngesikhathi kwehla ingozi yomgwaqo, yesibazi kwi udebe eliphezulu futhi sahlala naye ekuphileni. Wathweswa iziqu esikoleni esiphakeme ngo-1928 futhi wabhalisa e Rutgers University. Le nsizwa ezikhethekile kwi-mathematics ne ezomnotho. Ayekuhlosile ube nonobhala. Nokho, phakathi ukuqeqeshwa ngahlangana ososayensi ababili - Arthur Burns Homer Jones, owaba emnxusa ukuthi umnotho kungasiza ukuhola izwe Okukhulu Kwezomnotho.

Ngemva kokuthweswa iziqu, wathenjiswa fellowships ezimbili wezibalo Brown kanye nomnotho e-Chicago. Friedman wakhetha, futhi wathola Master of Arts ngo-1933. imibono yakhe kuthonywa Dzheykob Viner, Frank Nayt noHenry Simons. Elapho, watholana umkakhe esizayo, Rose. Khona-ke wafundiswa izibalo ngaphansi kobuholi Economist abadumile uHarold Hotelling futhi wamabhuku umsizi Genri Shultsa. Ngezinye-University of Chicago, Friedman wahlangana nabangani bakhe ababili engcono - George Stigler no-Allen Wallis.

bakaHulumeni

Ngemva kokuthola iziqu Friedmann lokuqala asikwazanga ukuthola imfundiso umsebenzi. Ngakho wanquma ukuya Washington nomngani wakhe u-Allen Wallis, lapho Roosevelt basanda kuqala bona "Deal okusha" yakhe. kamuva Friedman waphetha ngokuthi bonke nekungenelela isimo "izidakamizwa ayizwakali kusukela isifo okungalungile." Ngo-1935, wayesebenza e-National Resources iKomidi, okuyinto yokuqala yaqala ukucabanga mayelana nokuchazwa umsebenzi ukusetshenziswa. Friedman ngalesosikhathi zijwayeza ukuba National Bureau of Economic Research. Yena wamabhuku umsizi Simon Kuznets.

Ngo-1940, Friedman esithile waba uprofesa e-University of Wisconsin, kodwa wabuye waphindela enkonzweni yomphakathi ngenxa kwamaJuda. Wayesebenza ngenqubomgomo lempi intela ye-Federal Government njengoba umeluleki. On duty wakhuthaza Keynesian isimo kokungenela emnothweni.

Umsebenzi nokufeza

U-Milton Friedman kwaba umeluleki umongameli US kusukela Republican Party of uRonald Reagan kanye Conservative uNdunankulu waseBrithani uMargaret Thatcher. nefilosofi lakhe lezombusazwe bebabaza izimfanelo ezinhle emakethe mahhala nge kokungenela uhulumeni omncane. Uma Friedman waphawula ukuthi uyazicabangela enkulu impumelelo ekuqedeni izinsizwa zakhe e-United States. Phakathi nokuphila kwakhe wabhala eziningi zincwadi ziphakathi kokulandisa okuvelele, izincwadi, ama-athikili emaphephabhukwini esayensi kanye namaphephandaba, wavakashela izinhlelo zethelevishini, futhi uye lectured at inguqulo eyasetshenziswa emayunivesithi ahlukahlukene. Umsebenzi wakhe bekulokhu ethandwa hhayi kuphela e-US nase-UK, kodwa futhi emazweni sezenhlalo. Umagazini "I-The Economist" walibiza Economist ezinethonya kunazo Engxenyeni kwekhulu lama-20 yesibili, futhi cishe ngekhulu. Nakuba abanye poll ukunikeza entendeni kuJohane Maynard Keynes.

ukubukwa kwezomnotho

U-Milton Friedman kungcono kakhulu elaziwayo eziqhakambisa supply imali. Monetarism - iqoqo ukubukwa okuhlotshaniswa imfundiso yokuziphendukela ubuningi. iminonjana yayo zingatholakala ngekhulu le-16. Bekanye casula Shvarts Fridman wabhala incwadi ebizwa ngokuthi "A Monetary History of the United States of America, 1867-1960 (1963)." Multiple ekuhlehleni cwaningo waqinisekisa igunya supply imali esikhuthaza ukutshalwa kwezimali nokukhula kwemali kahulumeni. abangasebenzi Yemvelo akunakugwenywa, ngakho-ke akwenzi mqondo ukuze kulwiwe nakho. Uhulumeni Akubalulekile siqondise umnotho ngokusebenzisa inqubomgomo yentela.

Developments emkhakheni izibalo

ukuhlaziywa Ngokulandelana akhiwa u-Milton Friedman. Kwafika imibono lemcoka kusuka kuye ngesikhathi esebuthweni uMnyango neMpi Studies e Columbia. Khona-ke ezilandelanayo ukuhlaziya ngokwezibalo isibe indlela ejwayelekile tonkhe tincenye tekuhlola. Njengezinye bathole okuningi Friedman, namuhla kubonakala ngendlela emangalisayo lula. Kodwa lokhu kube inkomba yokuthi genius ngubani wakwazi ukungena okushiwo izenzakalo. Namuhla, uhambisane ukuhlaziya ngokwezibalo iyithuluzi ukhiye zezomnotho yesimanje.

U-Milton Friedman: Uhlelo lwe-capitalism kanye Freedom

umqondo monetarism uqalise nge indaba ecatshangwe theory Keynesian. Kamuva, u-Milton Friedman ayeliqamba eziningi bezimiso zawo zabangenacala. Ngo-1950 kwenziwa ulichaza ngendlela yakhe umsebenzi ukusetshenziswa. Uhlelo lwe-capitalism kanye Freedom - imiqondo emibili ukuthi yethulwe futhi lapho kugumbuqelwa umbuso yesayensi u-Milton Friedman. Monetarism isebenzisa "ulimi Keynesian futhi apharathasi methodological," kodwa ophika ezicatshangwayo zokuqala inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela isiqondiso yesimo sezomnotho. Friedman akakholelwa ukuthi kungenzeka amandla ukusetshenziswa ngokugcwele. Ekuqondeni yakhe, siyohlale izinga yemvelo kwemisebenzi, ukulwa okuyinto lutho. Zezomnotho baphikisa ngokuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi Phillips ijika libukeka umuda ojame rwe ngqo, futhi wabikezela ukuthi kungenzeka into ezifana stagflation. Ngakho-ke, umgomo kuphela ngempumelelo state ukwenyuka kancane supply imali.