Uwoyela ongahluziwe emhlabeni. brand uwoyela Russian

Phakathi neminyaka eyishumi edlule abezindaba abaningi kuthintwa phezu amandla. Ayikho ngaphandle namafutha. Kumiswa izindleko lolu hlobo hydrocarbon impahla eluhlaza is kuncike ukuhweba exchange, kanye ezihlukahlukene zalo. Uwoyela ongahluziwe zinezikhathi ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali nendawo odabuka, okuyinto kunomthelela oqonde ngqo ku value abo.

ulwazi olujwayelekile

Okunhlobonhlobo noma ibanga lamafutha - izici qualitative of izinto zokusetshenziswa, ukukhiqizwa owenziwa enkundleni efanayo, yehlukile kulaba abanye nge ngezithako zawo nekufana. Amafutha imithombo ehlukile esingokwemvelo kuphela Ukucaciswa wakhe, ngakho-ke kwaba khona isidingo e ngezigaba zawo. Ukuze lula uhlelo yokuthekelisa, senziwa okunemibandela ku ukwehlukana uwoyela ukukhanya esindayo.

Ezweni ngonyaka ukhiqiza brand of izimayini engaphezu kwengu-20. Ngokwesibonelo, i-main ukuthekelisa uwoyela ongahluziwe eRussia - uwoyela Urals ezinkulu nezincane nokukhiqiza laseSiberia Khanyisa, kuyilapho bonke 5 izinhlobo kukhiqizwa. E-United States sekunamabandla angaphezu kuka a brand kweshumi. Ngenxa zokwehlukahlukana kwesintu kuyinto cha bonke of them lingathengiswa ku ezimakethe zamazwe ngamazwe. Ngakho-ke, intengo umkhiqizo ngamunye kunqunywa ngokuhlobene amamaki umaka - British Brent uwoyela ongahluziwe, US WTI kanye Middle East Middle East ongahluziwe.

Inani mark ngayinye kunqunywa Isaphulelo uwoyela noma isihlobo premium kumaka grade kuncike izinga impahla eluhlaza. Ngokwesibonelo, uwoyela esindayo nge wokuqukethwe lelisetulu amanyela nesibabule uzobe zona ngaphansi noma okufanayo Brent WTI.

Izimpawu izinto zokusetshenziswa

Njengomthetho, uwoyela uchazwa ngokuthi uketshezi black oily, kodwa incazelo enjalo akulona iqiniso kuzo zonke izimo. Imibala zingahluka kusuka abansundu aphuzi futhi esobala.

I izici ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi lo okuza of viscosity futhi ukuncibilika. Ezinye uwoyela ongahluziwe kungenzeka yokuzigxilisa ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi, kanti abanye aqhubeke ewuketshezi kuzo zonke izimo zezulu. Ngenxa zokwehlukahlukana kwesintu izici ezenziwe division okunemibandela izinhlobo ibe ngukukhanya, aphakathi nendawo kanye ezisindayo.

Kulesi okuphakelayo neze esetshenziswa ifomu olungenakonakala, ukuze ukuthola uwoyela izothandwa umkhiqizo mjikelezo. I ijubane nokusebenza kucutshungulwa impahla eluhlaza kuyinto ngqo wakhona ukuminyana futhi sulphur kanye ukungcola.

izinhlobonhlobo Khanyisa ezibizayo ngenxa yabo uthole imikhiqizo efana uphethiloli, u-diesel, iziketekete. etholwe uwoyela fuel futhi yokubasela amaziko, emaGreyidini esindayo ezisetshenziswa kancane njalo, ngakho izindleko ngezansi.

amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo

Kuze 1973, izindleko "igolide abamnyama" was hhayi ningi than 3 zamadola. Intengo ikhuphukile 4-nesibaya ngemva kokuvinjelwa zokuthumela izinto zokusetshenziswa ezivela emazweni Arab. Ekuqaleni 80s ngesikhathi kunezinkinga emazweni Middle East, izindleko zazisuka-15 nengu-35 zamaRandi.

Amafutha ne sulphur ongaphakeme ibizwa ngokuthi 'emtoti' futhi okusezingeni eliphezulu - ". Omuncu" isiqu esinjalo wafumana, ngoba ekhulwini le-19, izinkampani uwoyela uzamile ke. Izindleko kucutshungulwa uwoyela omuncu ongahluziwe siphezulu kunamanye e ukucutshungulwa amnandi. Ngakho-ke, sweet njalo intengo.

Isici esiphawulekayo exchange isitokwe eNew York ukuthi wacaphuna dollar intengo izinto zokusetshenziswa umphongolo, nemikhiqizo kuwo - e amasenti engamalitha ngalinye.

ELondon, esebenza International Petroleum Exchange, lapho emini adayiswa ezingaphezu kuka 50,000 ikusasa ku amamaki ezahlukene uwoyela ongahluziwe namafutha Brent.

ukulethwa Physical lamafutha abazenzi for 1% ikusasa izinkontileka kuphela.

Uwoyela ongahluziwe eRussia

Ubude nokuthengiswa ezivela eRussia 6 amamaki lamafutha.

Urals akhiqizwa Khanty-Mansi Autonomous lesiFunda iRiphabhuliki. Lolu phawu libhekene wokuqukethwe lelisetulu sulphur compounds kanye hydrocarbon esindayo. Intengo kawoyela Urals kunqunywa ehlisiwe yayo ngoba North Sea grade Brent. Lokhu grade yalungiswa ngokuxuba amafutha ne West laseSiberia iVolga, ngenxa lapho izinga uyahlabeka. Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, imizamo ukuwakhipha kusuka izinto Urals Tatarstan. Kumiswa intengo kawoyela Urals is on the lezimpahla lokushintshisana RTS.

ESiberia Khanyisa akhiqizwa Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Area. Okuqukethwe sulphur kwalo kancane cishe 3 izikhathi kuka e Urals.

Arctic Uwoyela ekhishwe eshalofini of Sea Pechora. Lesi yisihloko sokuqala Russian ensimini uwoyela, etholakala e-Arctic Ocean. I lolwehlukanisa lolu hlobo uwoyela isiRashiya high density futhi okusezingeni eliphezulu okuqukethwe nesibabule. Uwoyela ekhishwe 60 km kusuka ogwini lolwandle kusuka platform isilungisiwe.

Sokol elinesimo okuqukethwe ongaphakeme amanyela. Ayohlola ku Sakhalin Island. Export nge Harabov.

ESPO libhekene ukuminyana ongaphakeme futhi ongaphakeme sulphur ikhiqizwa Eastern eSiberia. Ingabe zithutha nge ESPO iphayiphi.

Vityaz - Sakhalin uwoyela brand, efanayo mayelana nezinga ongahluziwe Omani. Akhishiwe neTrans iphayiphi.

Uwoyela ongahluziwe emhlabeni: ngezigaba global

Lonke izwe ngezigaba "igolide abamnyama" kusekelwe brand amabili - Sweet uwoyela ongahluziwe kanye Khanyisa Sweet kawoyela ongahluziwe.

Sweet uwoyela ongahluziwe - impahla eluhlaza ne sulphur asisikhulu kunenkosi 0.5%, kanye-hydrogen sulfide ne-carbon dioxide. Njengamanje, lo uphawu isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni uphethiloli.

Khanyisa uwoyela Sweet ongahluziwe uphansi wax. Viscosity kanye kwabantu ziyahlukahluka.

Ngokusekelwe izici zalezi izinhlobo, uwoyela ongahluziwe ukuthi wabhalwa ngu-notation ezilandelayo:

• ukukhanya (kwabantu esiphezulu);
• ongahluziwe (ongaphakeme wax okuqukethwe);
• esindayo (ongaphakeme kwabantu);
• amnandi (ongaphakeme sulphur).

inkomba ezihlukahlukene

Sekukonke kukhona 3 uwoyela brand emhlabeni, okuyinto ubhekwa isithenjwa.

Brent (ongahluziwe) - North Sea eluhlaza naphakathi kwabantu iqukethe 0.5% sulphur amanyela. Asetshenziswe ukukhiqizwa okumile naphakathi, kanye nophethiloli. Intengo Brent uwoyela ongahluziwe - ngesisekelo kumiswa amanani abantu abangaphezu kwengxenye yesithathu zonke ezinye izinhlobo emhlabeni.

WTI limbiwa US isimo Texas. Lunesibalo ephakeme kunaleyo Brent, sulphur - 0.25%.

Dubai ongahluziwe - lwamafutha United Arab Emirates. Yaziwa nangokuthi Fateh. It has a kwabantu aphansi. Iqukethe up 2% sulphur amanyela.

Izinhlobonhlobo kufakwe OPEC ukuthekelisa ubhasikidi

OPEC (Inhlangano of Petroleum Ikhiphela Amazwe) e kubalwa izindleko yohlobo oluthile isebenzisa Inkomba "ubhasikidi OPEC». Kuze kube manje, kubhasikidi OPEC kuhlanganisa 11 brand of "igolide abamnyama":

• Blend Saharan (Algeria);
• Es Sider (Libya);
• Arab Khanyisa (Saudi Arabia);
• Basra Khanyisa (Iraq);
• Bonny Khanyisa (Nigeria);
• Iran Heavy (i-Iran);
• Kuwait Export (Kuwait);
• Murban (United Arab Emirates);
• Qatar Marine (Qatar);
• Girassol (Angola);
• Merey (Venezuela).

Amafutha kuwumgogodla iminotho kakhulu - kokubili othuthukayo, ithuthukiswe. Amafutha ukuhlola eyenziwa kokubili ezwekazini kanye emashalofini kwezilwandle. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-20 izinhlobo ezehlukene "igolide omnyama". Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezihlukahlukene ngayine inezidingo zayo eziyingqayizivele amakhemikhali ukwakheka yayo. The main amagama inkomba ezithinta zamanani embulungeni yonke, kucatshangwa Brent, WTI futhi Dubai ongahluziwe. Izitembu uwoyela Russian uya emazweni angaphandle: Urals, eSiberia Khanyisa, Arctic Oil, Sokol, ESPO, Vityaz. Futures izinkontileka nokulethwa izinto zokusetshenziswa basezweni lezimpahla izimakethe. Ngokuyinhloko, lena i-New York, nase-London isitokwe Ukuhwebelana. ERussia esebenza RTS (eMoscow).