Iyini inkinga khulula-umgibeli, indlela ukuze siyixazulule

Kwezomnotho, inkinga khulula-umgibeli kuphakama lapho labo abasebenzisa imithombo, izimpahla kanye namasevisi, musa ubakhokhela. Lokhu kuholela yokuthi isibalo sabo incipha. Zonke abanye ubakhokhela nakakhulu. Uma isibalo stowaways liyaqhubeka landa, kungenzeka ukuthi ukukhiqizwa ezinhle eyeka ngokuphelele. Umbuzo oyinhloko indlela ukuze kukhawulwe frirayderstvo futhi imiphumela emibi kuwo. khulula inkinga umgibeli kuphakama lapho amalungelo endawo kungukuthi ngokucacile uchaziwe futhi ulawulwa kahle.

Uhlolojikelele

Lapho omunye umuntu angenakho ithikithi ibhasi, futhi ugibele ke ukusebenza, awusebenzi ukudala izinkinga nasemnothweni. Ngakho-ke ngeke umsindise ezinye izinxenye isabelomali sabo. Kodwa kuthiwani uma uqala ukwenza eziningi kangaka? Ngenxa lokho zizokhokhelwa umsebenzi umshayeli, ukukhanda futhi uthenge amabhasi amasha? Cishe, umnikazi izozama ukuqinisa ukulawula kanye nokwenyuka izinhlawulo. Uma ithikithi lebhasi ukuze uthole ukuthenga iningi abagibeli ngeke kwenzeke, umzila izovalwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi abathintekayo hhayi labo akazange ukhokha kuphela, kodwa futhi izakhamuzi siwusizo kakhulu.

Ikakhulukazi ezivamile inkinga khulula-umgibeli ekusakazeni izimpahla zomphakathi. It kuvela lapho ukukhokhelwa ngabo yokuzithandela. Umqondo ofanayo isetshenziswa ukuxoxisana ithiyori, umthetho antitrust, kwengqondo wezifundo zezombusazwe. Ngokwesibonelo, amanye amalungu ethimba ungaqala kancane zibekwe, uma kuwukuthi bayakholelwa ukuthi unakho freeriders. kuphakama isimo esifanayo ebukhoneni ngokungafanele amalungu inyunyana. Isibonelo okuphawuleka imali ukuzivikela. Othile abakwazi ukukhokhela intela, kodwa usengakwazi ulindele elifanayo Ukuvikelwa nezinye izakhamuzi.

Njengoba umqondo kwezomnotho

Uma sikhuluma iyini inkinga khulula-umgibeli, essence yayo kungenziwa ngokufingqiwe yokuthi kukhona idlanzana elithile abantu bazuze ukusetshenziswa kwezimpahla, kodwa akusho ubakhokhela. Lokhu kuholela underproduction. Lokhu kungenxa nokungasebenzi ngendlela ka Pareto. Mahhala-umgibeli umphumela kubonakala kwezinsizakusebenza esitokisini, okuyizinto impahla ezivamile, okuholela Ukuwohloka zabo ngokushesha. nzima ukusabalalisa izinzuzo ezinjalo kahle, ngoba ukuphathwa akanayo imininingwane edingekayo. Uma sikucela abantu indlela ukuhlola izindleko zabo, kungenzeka ukubukela phansi kwakhe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwabiwa kwempahla yomphakathi, kunzima ukuwakhipha kusuka defaulters. Uma abantu abaningi kakhulu ukuqala ukubukela futhi freeriding ke ekugcineni kuyoba khona isikhathi lapho uhlelo noma isevisi ukuyeka ukusebenza ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezimali.

Imibuzo Ucwaningo

Lisho ukuthini igama elithi yenkinga freerider (freerider, owawuhlala, ohlulekayo), ngenkuthalo ukuhlola ochwepheshe emkhakheni womphakathi wemboni ezomnotho. Ingxenye izakhamuzi ukugwema intela, okwenza kube khona eziyinkinga kakhulu lonke labantu. Lo magazini abazinikele Wicksell, Lindahl futhi Musgrave. endaweni yabo Isithakazelo saba emkhakheni intela ngempumelelo. Lenkinga ibuye uyabandakanyeka ochwepheshe ebhizinisini, ubudlelwane yomnotho womhlaba, imfundiso yokuziphendukela izinhlangano ukuhlanganiswa, nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Nokho freeriding ngayingcwelisa kahle izincwadi kazwelonke. Iningi izincwadi ngale ndaba ixhunyaniswe umnotho isithunzi.

sibalo freerider

khulula inkinga umgibeli has nemiphumela ezilandelayo:

• underproduction kwezimpahla yomphakathi;
• eziya ziba zimbi izinga yabo;
• Ukuwohloka ngokweqile imithombo ezisetshenziswa zonke.

Isibonelo yakudala "umphakathi nhlekelele." Kwenzeka lapho iqembu ucezu eziqhelile zaleli zwe. Uma ungenalo ukuqondisa noma ukulawula inani izinkomo yayiklaba, maduze ngeke ukwazi ukusebenzisa umuntu.

Nokho freerider - kuba umuntu akasenzi ethile imali ukuze kusizakale wawadla hhayi kuphela. Inkinga iwukuthi, futhi uma engenzi yokuyikhokhela ngezinye izindlela. Ngokwesibonelo, empini, ukuhlinzekwa kwezinsizakalo lolungakahleleki nozakwethu, umsebenzi wekhwalithi ephezulu, ulwazi. izenzo Freerider eziphikisana ezifana nokuziphatha zomphakathi kwezinkambiso iqembu yokuziphatha, umthetho wezwe nowamazwe ngamazwe. Ngokuvamile lokhu kuziphatha obufanako bayazi. Futhi inomphumela omubi kuwo wonke amanye abasebenzisi ezinhle zomphakathi. inkinga Mahhala-umgibeli ihlobene nempikiswano yobukhosi ubulungiswa emphakathini.

ukuhlonza khulula-ogibele

Ukukhomba freerider, kuzomele uqale ukuba khona kwalokho inzuzo. Stowaway ezokuthutha kungase ngenhloso hhayi ukukhokhela zokuhamba bese ukhohlwa ukukwenza. Ngakho, kubalulekile ukuba sehlukanise freerider futhi isihloko akazi mayelana nesidingo ukukhokha. Lesi sakamuva singabangela abaqondi ukuthi ibusa ezinhle zomphakathi. inkinga Mahhala-umgibeli ukuhlonza ngokuvamile uhlanganiswa izinguquko ngokushesha emphakathini wanamuhla. izimpahla eziningi zikahulumeni zinezikhathi isakhiwo kunalokho eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ngakho-ke, kunzima ukunquma kahle hle ukuthi yiziphi isixhumanisi waqala ukuvela freeriders.

Inkinga underestimation kwezimpahla yomphakathi

Uma ucela umuntu uma wakhokha ngokwanele, cishe ukuphendula lo mbuzo okungekuhle. Nokho, sasivame bavame ukubukela phansi umsebenzi kwabanye. Iphuma ne izimpahla zomphakathi. ukukhiqizwa yabo uvame kancane ngezimali nguhulumeni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuvamile kunzima kusengaphambili ukuze ikhumbule zonke izindleko, ngakho intengo ezinhle zomphakathi kungenziwa kwehlisa.

Izimbangela stowaways

Ngokuvamile, freeriding - ukukhetha bayazi futhi isikhundla ekuphileni. Abantu angabhekwa esihle emphakathini, futhi eziphoqelelwe ezingadingekile. Kungenzeka futhi isimo lapho unganelisekile izinga layo. Esinye isizathu iyona imali eliphansi labantu. Kulokhu, abantu bakufuna ngendlela ugweme izindleko ezengeziwe futhi ukonga ngale ndlela. Nokho, uma stowaways kubangelwa lizinga leliphansi inkonzo, kanjani kungathuthukiswa uma kukhona eshodayo njalo imali ngenxa kubo? Kuyinto umjikelezo omubi.

Ukuze kuxazululwe le nkinga, kufanele ushintshe indlela kwezomnotho kakhulu ukudalwa izimpahla zomphakathi, ukuphatha izimali zayo kanye ukusetshenziswa. Ochwepheshe abaningi cabanga ezidingekayo ukuguqulwa zabo zibe izimpahla namasevisi yazo ukuze bazisebenzise. Ingxenye osopolitiki imele ukumiswa okwesikhashana, isib, amanzi, igesi, ugesi-non-payers. Nokho, lokhu kudinga uhlaka ngempumelelo zomthetho.

Freerider enhlanganweni

Omunye ezihlukahlukene inkinga khulula-umgibeli ukusetshenziswa osomabhizinisi abangathembekile indawo evumayo adalwe nezinye osomabhizinisi. Freeriding kwenzeka uma umuntu usebenza ngaphansi "sama" of brand lesitsite, kodwa ayenzi yinoma yimuphi umnikelo umfanekiso waso omuhle. Esinye isibonelo kungaba ehlonishwayo woprofesa inyuvesi engakathenjiswa umshado kwezesayensi. It uyawuthanda izinzuzo nemisebenzi yayo, kodwa akusho neqhaza uMnyango simo ukuthi iyasebenza. Futhi enikeziwe futhi soloist we Bolshoi Theatre, hhayi ukuba bathuthukise amakhono abo. Nguye kuphela usebenza "uphawu, 'futhi akwenzi umnikelo Ngokuzayo isikhungo. Inkinga efanayo engavela inyunyana noma iyiphi enye inhlangano. Ukuze uxazulule le nkinga, izinkampani eziningi ungayihumushi ibe Franchise isisekelo yonke imisebenzi. Ngakho bangakwazi ukulawula izinga amasevisi abasabalalisi.

Kube freeriding futhi ngaphakathi enhlanganweni. Ubonakala lapho iqembu labantu nethuba ukugwema imisebenzi yabo. Ukuqeda izinkampani zihlela kabusha. Ukuqaliswa umsebenzi kumele kwenziwe control ngempumelelo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi emikhulu iqembu, kulapho ukujama inkinga khulula-umgibeli. Futhi kungaba ingachithwa kuphela ngokusebenzisa kokuhlaziywa obuphelele isisebenzi ngasinye. Ngakho ngokuvamile ukutholakala freeriders izindleko ayilutho uma umphumela okuholela.

Imiphumela kungenzeka

Isixazululo inkinga khulula-umgibeli kungumsebenzi uhulumeni. Isimo iziqondiso akumelwe nje bagcine ngokufuna lomthetho kodwa futhi omayelana yabo. Ngokuvamile, uhulumeni isicelo izinyathelo zokuvimbela ukuba nokuwohloka kwemvelo nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwemithombo. Lezi zihlanganisa ukwethulwa izintela ezahlukene futhi ukhuthaze iminikelo. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi benhlalakahle yomphakathi iguqulwe ibe izimpahla yangasese.

practice

ERussia, inkinga khulula-umgibeli, izibonelo zazo ingatholakala zonke izindawo zomphakathi ubudlelwano, kuvamile. indzima yembuso njalo anda emnothweni kazwelonke. Ifuna hhayi kuphela ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ezivamile izindlela emakethe, kodwa futhi ukunciphisa izinkinga kwezenhlalo noma kwezomnotho.

Nokho, isidingo isimo njengoba Umlawuli ngempela evusa impikiswano. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi lokhu kungaba ukulahlekelwa okukhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-ukukhiqizwa umphakathi usizo lukahulumeni olunikezwa intela. Futhi kule ndawo luvame kakhulu, njengoba sesibonile, inkinga khulula-ogibele. Ngakho-ke, lapha ukuba olinganiselayo kubaluleke phakathi indima isimo kanye collective izenzo yamaqembu amancane abantu. Uhulumeni ukuzibandakanya kuyinto ngempela nokwenzeka ukudala okuthiwa okumsulwa izimpahla zomphakathi, kodwa ukukhiqizwa elixutshwe konke okusemandleni akhe ukuze unciphise.