Rocket and Space Khrunichev isitshalo

Le nkampani, eyaziwa kakhulu njengoba Missile Plant. Khrunichev (nakuba emlandweni yaso, ayenamagama eziningi ezahlukene), - legend of isayensi Russian kanye nezimboni. Le nkampani iminyaka engaba ngu-100 edlule. Imikhiqizo oluqanjwe simila, ngokugcwele angabhekwa ndaba isizwe esiziqhenya ngayo eRussia a. Lokhu edume rocket yenethiwekhi "Proton", ngamthembisa "Angara". Plant ukwakha omunye ethembisayo ku global isikhala umkhakha ukuthuthukiswa - namafutha "iBaikal". ezingaphansi Inkampani ukukhiqiza ezihlukahlukene nezinye efanele umkhakha Aerospace imikhiqizo Russian.

imikhiqizo

Omunye flagships embonini ukuzivikela Russian - Rocket and Space Plant. Khrunichev. Igama layo esemthethweni, yebo, imisindo ehlukene. Okungukuthi - Federal inarha ebumbeneko Enterprise "State Ucwaningo Production Space Centre of MV Khrunichev. " Nje cindezela futhi izakhamuzi ukuxhumana nomunye phezu igama elimfushane wanamathela - ngakho-ke lokhu brand eyaziwa ngazo.

Khrunichev ifektri eqinisweni - a amabhizinisi ambalwa elise ezingxenyeni ezahlukene Russia. Lenza izinhlobo eziningi rocket isikhala ubuchwepheshe. Isenzakalo esidume kunazo zonke umkhiqizo amasampula - rocket "Proton", "Kosmos-3M", "Rokot" futhi "Angara". Phakathi ngentuthuko ethembisa - booster esebenza "iBaikal" imicibisholo.

indaba

Khrunichev isitshalo iqalisiwe njengoba automaker ngokuthi "Russo-Balt-2." Unyaka ka yayo isisekelo - 1917 th. Nokho, kusukela maphakathi nawo-1920 yokuthi yaqala ukukhulunywa izindiza eyenziwe amaphrojekthi bezindiza Tupolev, Ilyushin, Arkhangelsk, Petlyakova kukhiqizwa. Ngo-1950 kwakhiwa ifektri ekhiqizwa ekuhlaseleni "Bison", Myasishev yakhelwe. Ngo-1961, lesi sitshalo wathola igama cishe yesimanje - "Umshini Isakhiwo Plant yaqanjwa MI Khrunichev "- futhi waqala ngokukhethekile ukukhiqizwa kwe rocket isikhala ubuchwepheshe. On ke kwezizukulwane ezimbalwa yezikhali ezicitshwayo, "Salyut" esiteshini sakhululwa futhi "Ukuthula". Ngo-1993, lesi sitshalo Khrunichev atholwe ngegama lalo lamanje. isakhiwo sayo nazo ezifakwe Bureau "Khonzani". Ngo-2007, njengoba injalo zomthetho wamanje okunikezwe simila - federal isimo ibhizinisi ebumbeneko. Kukhona izakhiwo abasemaqenjini ezifana, isibonelo, inkampani "Ubude" (eMoscow). Plant. Khrunichev futhi ihlanganisa Bureau okuthiwa. Isayev, Voronezh Mechanical Plant, futhi ngo-2008 bajoyine Perm ibhizinisi "Proton-PM", ngo-2012 - Ust-Katav Plant. SM Kirov.

"Proton" rocket

Omunye amasampula liyabonakala kakhulu imikhiqizo ekhiqizwa Center for izinkampani zabo. Khrunichev (isitshalo, ukubuyekezwa zazo abantu ziye zaba enye yezindawo izisekelo indlela umphakathi ozibheka ngayo amandla eSoviet Imboni yezokuvikela - lowo itholakala eMoscow) - rocket "Proton". Umsolwa uvele ngaphambi inkambo nentuthuko ukudalwa i InterContinental missile ballistic UR-500. Ngokuhamba sesimanje ICBMs uvele yenethiwekhi "Proton-K", egcwele, ngokubona ochwepheshe abaningi, imodeli yimpumelelo kakhulu missile zaseSoviet ingxenye yayo.

Inzuzo ukusetshenziswa "Proton-K" yanikezwa ngo-1996 (European Astra 1F satellite wethulwa ku-orbit). Ngemva kwalokho, eziningana ukuqalisa kweshumi evela kumakhasimende yangasese kwenziwa. onjiniyela Russian nawo aye asungula inguqulo ye "Proton", ingashintshwa ukuze okukhiphayo umthwalo phezu orbit geostationary. Ubani Ushintshe rocket, okuthiwa "Proton-M" kuyinto ngokuvamile ezisetshenziswa e uchungechunge yayo.

"Angara" rocket

Ukuthuthukiswa imoto kwethulwa "Angara", ngokusho kongoti eziningi - yezindawo ukhiye we-Russian isikhala umkhakha. Kuyinto lonke umndeni yezikhali ezicitshwayo (ie labo ezikubhizinisi ekilasini "lula", kanye nalezo kukhona abathwali "ezisinda" kangaka).

Kulindeleke ukuthi abanye amasampula angamvusa emzileni ukuze amathani 35 wezimpahla. Ukuthuthukiswa eyinhloko esincintisana Russian - Falcon rocket (ezinguqulweni "ezisinda" kangaka) wenkampani American SpaceX. Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo wukuthi lapha kukhona udweshu phakathi Nhlangano isimo nge isigamu sekhulu leminyaka yomlando futhi inkampani young kakhulu yangasese, wadala kusuka ekuqaleni. Ukuthuthukiswa "Angara" amamojuli ngesikhathi esifanayo iye yaba nesandla hhayi kuphela eMoscow - Plant. Khrunichev wathola abalingani e-South Korea. Ngokucacile ngokusetshenziswa rocket "Angara" namafutha wadala "iBaikal", eyenzelwe iphelela amaningi.

Accelerator "iBaikal"

Imisebenzi "iBaikal" ilula ngokwanele, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo enze imisebenzi ebalulekile. Ngosizo esiphakamayo rocket esiteji antante ukuphakama mayelana 70 km. Khona-ke injini ivuliwe "sisitshela ngokusondelana okwakuphakathi", ngemva kwalokho lo missile emzileni. "IBaikal" Okwamanje ukuhlukanisa kusukela imoto futhi wabuyela Earth like endizeni. Ngemva wokuhlola futhi wenze noma yiziphi izinguquko ezidingekayo kungenziwa kabusha esetshenziswa: kumaphrojekthi ukuthi Khrunichev plant yomphakathi, uthi "iBaikal" kuyinto emoyeni izikhathi 25 (kodwa ngokuhamba ekuthuthukiseni lesi sibalo ngempela ukuletha eziyinkimbinkimbi 200).

Uphathina eyinhloko simila. Khrunichev umsebenzi wokuthuthukisa "iBaikal" - NPO "Molniya". Kusolwa ukuthi namafutha uzoba isisindo kokuqala elingamathani angaba ngu-130,4 kanye nobude ka 27 m kanye ububanzi (phakathi nendawo) ka 2.9 m ukhiye ingxenye "echibini." - Anhlobonhlobo missile Module (URM) ifakwe umsila, iphiko, powerplant , chassis kanye nezinye izinhlelo.

izinjini

Indodakazi isikhungo isakhiwo kubo. Khrunichev - "Voronezh Mechanical Isitshalo" - iqoqa izinhlobo eziningi izinjini for the umkhakha Aerospace. Ngokomlando, amayunithi okuqala ayengelona M-11 ogibele izindiza PO-2. Ngo ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II neminyaka simila eseqala ukuveza izinjini UMLOTHA-62IR, M14V26 nezinye amasampuli lokubolekwa yezinhlobo ezahlukene izindiza. Kusukela ngasekupheleni kwawo-'50s ku Voronezh iqala ukukhiqiza isikhala-rocket izinjini: RD-0109, RD-0210, RD-0114 (basuke kusethelwe ku- "Proton") kanye nezinye amayunithi zobuchwepheshe.

Manje ifektri usebenzela ukusungulwa ukukhiqizwa RD-191 rocket "Angara". Okwamanje, phakathi izinkampani Russian VSW kuphela unakho ukukhishwa izinjini piston izindiza. Amayunithi ekhishwe Voronezh, ibekwe ukuqeqeshwa ezemidlalo izindiza, nezindiza ezinophephela emhlane izinjongo ezihlukile.