Ukuxegiswa umnotho. Ukuxegiswa umnotho womhlaba

Kukhula kwemnotfo kuyisici esibaluleke yentuthuko yezwe ngalinye, ngoba isici ukuthuthukisa izinga lempilo yezakhamizi zakuleliya lizwe njengoba. Yingakho ukuxegiswa umnotho efanele kwemvelo ashukumisayo futhi sobala kuwo wonke amazwe, ngoba esimweni sanamuhla kuyadingeka kakhulu ukukhulisa GDP. Njengoba izinhlangano ibhizinisi Okuyimfihlo injini eyinhloko ukuthuthukiswa komnotho, kuyacaca ukuthi izithiyo ukuqaliswa imisebenzi yabo babe nomthelela ongemuhle ekukhuleni.

utshalomali Private - amandla eyinhloko emnothweni

Kuyaziwa ukuthi main ukushayela force of nokukhula kwe-GDP kuyinto kweBraam-. Kuyinto ngiyabonga kubo emazweni amaningi, ukuxegiswa umnotho womhlaba. Lokhu kusho ukuthi emikhulu investimenti, ayanda izinga lokukhula komnotho. ERussia kwakukhona ukwanda 1997 izimali fixed capital, kusukela ngo-2000 (ngaphandle inhlekelele 2009) - nokukhula komnotho. Ngakhulela inkathi ezingekho esimweni esibucayi, hhayi nje izimali zabo siqu, kodwa isabelo sabo maqondana e-GDP. Kubalulekile wazi ukuthi isici esibalulekile inqubo utshalomali kuyimithombo yayo. Ukuxegiswa umnotho isikhathi esingaphezu kwesigamu capital ukutshalwa kwezimali ezakha ezimalini amabhizinisi kanye nezinhlangano. Nokho, umbono kungaba ukudala izimo ngenxa yokwanda ukusetshenziswa emithonjeni efana isabelomali wombuso kanye zimali angaphandle, ukubolekisa zasebhange namanye sokubolekwayo. Ngakho, kakhulu izindleko utshalomali kuthiwa yabekwa inkampani, kuyilapho izimali zikahulumeni, izikhungo zezimali kanye nezinhlangano abavela kwamanye amazwe abavunyelwa esetshenziswa ngokugcwele.

umnotho entsha

Uhlaziyo theory ebonisa ukuthi ngamazinga bamanje bokukhula kwezomnotho osedonsa. Lokhu isimo kuholela okubi kakhulu eziningi izinkinga zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho, ikakhulukazi labo abangabangane ukuhanjiswa yomkhiqizo kazwelonke, isibonelo, kwenkululeko nezinzuzo zezenhlalo kanye izimpesheni. Ukuphinde sihambise encane ngokulinganiswa ngokuya kwe-GDP, akunakwenzeka ukuba sifinyelele omkhulu ngokuya impesheni noma nezinzuzo zezenhlalo isigaba enkulu izakhamuzi. Imizamo ukwenza kanjalo ngezithukuthuku zabanye kungaholela emiphumeleni abanelisi ngokuya yokuqoqa intela kungevani kahle kutenhlalo. Nakuba ukuxegiswa kwezomnotho aliholeli isixazululo ngokushesha izinkinga, kungakusiza esikhathini eside, ngaphandle kokudala nezinye imiphumela emibi. Ngakho-ke kudingekile ukusebenzisa amathuba eziphakamayo ekuqaleni enkulungwaneni yesithathu, sibonga ipumelelo umcabango kwezomnotho kanye nezinselelo wesimanje global lelive libukene amahle khulu mayelana nokuthuthukisa umnotho.

Ukuheha ukutshalwa kwezimali angaphandle yangasese

Ukukhangwa yangasese ukutshalwa kwezimali angaphandle amanga ukuxegiswa ngempumelelo emnothweni Russia, izimo Nokho kunzima ibhizinisi ungavumeli ukuthuthukisa lesi siqondiso. Lena isizathu esiyinhloko ongaphakeme utshalomali amazinga emnothweni abavela kwamanye amazwe, nokuthi ngcono mibandela, ababaningi imihlangano phakathi kohulumeni kanye izimakethe phesheya ziyimbangela eyinhloko kwenyuswa inflow of ukutshalwa kwezimali angaphandle. Ngaphezu zangaphandle, Yimali zasekhaya kubalulekile, okuyinto yena, zihlukaniswe kwasobala nokwabantu ngabanye. Kuze kube manje, kungenzeka kweBraam- ngokwezinga elikhulu ayisetshenziswa ngenxa yokuthi izakhamuzi abangethembi imali sabo ezikhungweni zezimali noma izimali zabo kumaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene utshalomali. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ingxenye izimali ezitholwe izakhamuzi empeleni kuhoxiswe kwegazi, futhi lokhu kube nomthelela omubi emnothweni iyonke. Ukucinga ezidingekayo izimali zomphakathi kufanele kwenziwe ngokusebenzisa izinyathelo ezifana namaphepha komgomo wokuboleka amabhange ngezimali. ngoba izindleko utshalomali kusukela isabelomali isimo kungase kukhule, ngoba, okokuqala, isimo akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi ukutshala kumaphrojekthi ethembisa, futhi okwesibili, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, ingxenye enkulu isabelomali isimo siqondiswe izinto ezingekho inzuzo ( ezifana izindleko ukulungisa izindlu noma iziphathimandla zikahulumeni). Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungase kufaneleke, kanye nokusetshenziswa ezincane ukulingana izimali deku izindleko utshalomali isimo.

Umnotho: Ukukhula Theory

Ngo namashumi okugcina eminyaka yawo kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule, lapho ukukhiqizwa babasiza wentuthuko engokwesayensi neyezobuchwepheshe, intuthuko ezindaweni eziningi ezinikezwe igagasi elisha ukukhula ngezindlela eziningi. Kwatholakala ukuthi inkulumo ethi "kwezomnotho ukuxegiswa" azizivimbanga abangafaka imali emabhizinisini abo, nenzuzo yokutjala useye waba ngaphezu nokuthi ukumnika yangasese iphutha ngesilinganiso ephakeme. okutholwe yisayensi kuhilelani izindlela ezintsha zokukhiqiza. Abenzi kuphela bandise imikhiqizo, kodwa umgwaqo ovulekile futhi ubuchwepheshe obusha, ngawo ungakwazi nokuqalisa ngempumelelo komsebenzi kanye nokusebenzisa izinto zokusetshenziswa. Ngaphezu kokwenza ngcono ukukhiqiza futhi nekwandzisa umtsamo ulwazi, ukuxegiswa kwezomnotho ukunika esinakho nezintela ngezithukuthuku umnikazi kokusungulwa ukuthola ilungelo lobunikazi, kanye ukugqugquzela ama-discovery amasha. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuthi imiphumela ukuthuthukiswa kanye ucwaningo emkhakheni wesayensi eyisisekelo esihle emphakathini, okuyinto akabuyisanga, futhi ngenxa yalokho zazitholwa kunoma abathintekayo. Ngakho, isici esibalulekile kwemnotfo ushintsho zobuchwepheshe. Ngakho, singaphetha ngokuthi kubalulekile kakhulu ubunjalo kweBraam- - ngabe baya ukukhiqizwa zobuchwepheshe, noma ukuze uthuthukise imishini yisikhathi.

Investment njengesizathu esinomthelela sokukhula komnotho

Esimweni sokuqala, umphumela kuyoba ukukhiqizwa utshalomali, okuyinto kudala umkhiqizo omusha izici ezintsha ngoba wayengadlanga wadala. Izindleko umkhiqizo okunjalo kuyoba kunalelo imikhiqizo nezimboni ubudala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, unikezwa eseyintsha, kukhona izimakethe ezintsha, levuswe ukukhiqizwa obengeziwe ihlelo. Endabeni yesibili kuyoba ukudalwa ukuqhutshekiselwa evamile komkhiqizo ubudala, intengo kungenzeka ukuhluka okufanayo inkomba amasampula ngaphambili. Ukwenyuka kwamanani ukukhiqizwa kuleli cala kukhawulwe indlela kwezakhi (ngokusebenzisa ukugcwaliswa isihlobo izimakethe) futhi qualitatively. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyafaneleka ukuthi esimweni sokuqala, investimenti ukuze kukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo ekupheleni ngokuyinhloko esimweni sesibili - futhi siphelile, futhi eluhlaza izinto kanye nemikhiqizo lulwimi siphelile. Ngakho, siba nesimo izici ezimbili qualitatively ezahlukene nokutshala izimali, owokuqala kutfutfukisa kukhula lokuhlanganisa ngokwezinga elikhulu kweyesibili. Kusobala ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi utshalomali emisha kanye zobuchwepheshe ukukhiqizwa isivuno ukutshalwa kwezimali, elizokwazi ukwakha dolobha ekukhiqizeni ezivamile, kodwa Amathrendi abonisa ukuthi eRussia eminyakeni eyishumi edlule lukhula ukuxegiswa kwezomnotho, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa amabhizinisi angasese, onikeza leli lizwe eside amathemba, ikakhulukazi nokusetshenziswa nesanda kweminye imithombo yemali.

Ukuthuthukiswa ukuxegiswa kwezomnotho

Liphinde kubhekwa njengesici esibangela i yentuthuko hhayi kuphela dolobha kodwa futhi zabasebenzi. Ngakho kubalulekile ukukhumbula theory of capital womuntu, owawuthi abantu ukuchitha isikhathi ukuthola iziqu nesipiliyoni. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi le nkolelo-mbono ukuthi atehlukaniseki lekucamba theory, phela, dala, futhi sisebenze ubuchwepheshe obusha kanye nemikhiqizo ngempumelelo kwabasebenzi abaqeqeshiwe kuphela. Esinye isici esibalulekile yokuthuthukisa umnotho, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, izimo ukuthuthukiswa kwamabhizinisi.

Ngakho, siye sabona lezo zici ukuthi balolonge amathemba okwesikhathi ukukhula komnotho okusimeme eside. Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ukuxegiswa kwezomnotho ukuxazulula eziningi izinkinga zenhlalo, futhi kuncishiswa izici ezimbi kanye nokugqugquzela ukukhula komnotho kufanele kube phakathi eziza kuqala eliphakeme.