Lerner Inkomba. Izimbangela Nezingozi imiphumela monopolization wemakethe

Naphezu izinyathelo kwezomnotho kanye nokushaya imithetho eziye zathathwa abomthetho yamazwe ahlukene ukubhekana ne esinakho, lesi simanga kuvamile impela. Amandla ayitholwa izinkampani ngabanye uyingozi enkulu ekuthuthukisweni komnotho.

Monopoly nemithombo yalo

Ngaphansi ayitholwa ukuqonda ukubusa emakethe umakhi eyodwa (implementer), noma iqembu ahlangene zezikhonzi (nombimbi).

Imithombo eyinhloko ayitholwa:

1. funa nokunwebeka. Lokhu isici, esikhundleni salokho, kunqunywa khona emakethe imikhiqizo efanayo, ijubane Impendulo yekhasimende Amanani ushintsho, ukubaluleka kwalesi izimpahla kubathengi, emakethe ukugcwaliswa, ezihlukahlukene amakhono obusebenzayo izimpahla futhi amazinga afanele imali abathengi.
2. emakethe okuhlushwa. Lapho izinkampani 2-3 ukumboza 80-90% abathengi, okunguye yedwa livela ngokushesha kunokuba ezimakethe ukuncintisana.
3. Cooperation phakathi izinkampani ezimbili. Ukulingisa cohesively, nabathengisi noma abakhiqizi babe namandla.

Imiphumela ayitholwa

Inkampani ngamandla esinakho, kukhawula ngamabomu inani okukhipha kwezimpahla usetha amanani aphezulu. Uneziqu Akukho okwakungenza ukuba wehlise izindleko zokukhiqiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkampani incurs izindleko ezengeziwe ukuze alondoloze futhi aqinise isikhundla salo.

Monopoly emakethe kuholela lezo zinkinga:

• izinsiza ezisetshenziswa inefficiently;
• Umphakathi ongawamukeli izimpahla ezidingekayo;
• Azikho okukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kanye nokwethulwa kobuchwepheshe obusha;
• nokukhuphuka kwezindleko zokukhiqiza.

Ngenxa yalokho ukukhiqizwa awufiki esiphezulu ukusebenza kahle ngangokunokwenzeka.

intengo ayitholwa

Omunye umphumela uwukuthi ukubonakaliswa ematheni ayitholwa ukulawulwa ayitholwa zamanani.

Ngaphansi ayitholwa siliqonde inani kakhulu etshiyeneyo kusukela ezingeni yabo evamile, okungase kwenzeke endaweni yokuncintisana. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile, yakheke intengo ngenxa isilinganiso zabathengi isidingo futhi emakethe supply. Ngaphansi kwezimo yentengo ayitholwa isethwe kuncike evelele ezingeni ukuthi kuzoqinisekisa kuye inzuzo ngokweqile kanye nezindleko ngokweqile.

Intengo monopoly kungenzeka overestimated noma ibukelwe phansi. Intengo Ayihaba is phetho lapho ukubusa umthengisi omkhulu. Nokho, uma emakethe ubuswa umthengi elikhulu nge inani elikhulu nabathengisi, kuyoba bathambekele understate intengo ngangokunokwenzeka.

Lerner Inkomba kube inkomba yokuthi monopolization

Izinga kwamandla ayitholwa futhi emakethe lokuhlushwa kukalwa wesithupha, inkomba kanye Inkomba Lerner Garfindelya-Hirschman.

Lerner isici kwahlongozwa 1934 Kuyinto eyodwa yezindlela bokuqala sokunquma ezingeni monopolization futhi kubalwa ukulahlekelwa kuzona Inkampani ngenxa esinakho. Ukuba elula enembile, leli nani ephawula ngokucacile imiphumela monopolization. Namuhla isetshenziswa zezomnotho emhlabeni wonke ekuhloleni inhlalakahle yomphakathi.

Uma izimpahla lokukhicitwa ithengiswe ngaphansi monopolization, ngentengo yalo uyohlale ephakeme kunaleyo izindleko onganakiwe. Lerner Inkomba kuwumphumela sokuhlukanisa intengo net abekelwe emaceleni izindleko zamanani. Lapho intengo ihlukile izindleko, aba maningi ukubaluleka index ithatha.

Ukubalwa incazelo yaleli Lerner Inkomba

Lerner Inkomba ibalwa kanje:

• _{I L = (P - MC)} / P = - 1 / e _d.

P - yinani esinakho, futhi MC - izindleko onganakiwe.

mncintiswano Perfect kusho ukuthi ifemu ayikwazi nomthelela ezingeni intengo. Intengo ezingeni elifanayo njengoba izindleko abekelwe emaceleni (P MS), ngokulandelana:

• P - MC = 0;
• _{I L = (P - MC)} / P = 0 / P = 0.

Noma yimuphi inyuka intengo isihlobo ukuba izindleko abekelwe emaceleni ubonisa ukuthi inkampani amandla athile. Umkhawulo Inani kungenzeka we Inkomba 1, futhi kuyinkomba we ayitholwa ngokuphelele.

Lerner Inkomba ungaboniswa ngenye indlela - ngokusebenzisa Coefficient kuyaqina :

• (P - MC) / P = -1 / e d;
• I _L = -1 / e _d.

Inkomba e _d ephawula kuyaqina isidingo emikhiqizweni yenkampani ngokuya amanani. Ngokwesibonelo, uma E = -5 ke mina _L = 0,2.

Izinga eliphezulu monopolisation akusho ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuthi inkampani uthola inzuzo. Angakwazi ukuchitha ekugcineni ukuthembeka kwabo njengoba imali eningi ukuthi zonke inzuzo wathola ngenxa amanani ukwenyuka, ke kuqondiswa.

Izenzo ayitholwa eRussia

Phakathi nenkathi yenguquko, le-yalolucwaningo 90. emnothweni Russian iye kuhlome ngokuthi okusezingeni eliphezulu nokukhulisa umkhakha wezokukhiqiza. Imakethe yayibuswa izinhlangano super-ezinkulu, kukhethwa amalungu ebhizinisi wawumncane kakhulu. Ibhizinisi impumelelo yawo ixhomeke kakhulu ku izimpahla amandla. izinkampani izinkomba babewa amavolumu ukukhiqizwa wehla, inqubo isebujameni yokujama tsi.

Ngo-1992, ngemva ukuxegiswa abadlali main emakethe isibe monopolies lesifunda kanye imikhakha ekhona esifundazweni. Imibuzo ephathelene ngezimali izinkampani ezinkulu ibangelwa uzakwethu ezincane, ngenxa okwenzeka Macro ezingeni ukungalingani inkinga.

Monopolists ngaphandle kokubheka abathengi ulele amanani futhi bathola inzuzo eyengeziwe. UMbuso awuzange ube iziyisikhombisa ngokwanele enamandla kwethonya ezingeni intengo. Umthetho kwaba izikhungo okungacaci kanye nohulumeni - ayinamandla. Sibambe isimo, monopolists amagatsha ahlukene ngasese zimunye nombimbi. Kwakukhona nombimbi phakathi abathengi kanye nabathengisi, kanye elixutshwe.

Njengoba sekunama-ekhulwini entsha, isimo sishintshe kancane kakhulu. Cishe zonke ayitholwa kwakheka '90s, uqhubeke ukusebenzisa. Ngokusemthethweni ekuhlukanisweni kwezinye izimboni owawuse, kodwa ekuphumeni igesi amanani nogesi kusikisela ukuthi monopolies namanje eqinile. Disproportion, eyenziwe kwethonya elinamandla abalingiswa abayinhloko kule emakethe, isibe omunye izimbangela obumbi 2008-2009 GG.