Dodd Mthetho - Frank: imithetho jikelele, izidingo kanye nezici

Ngo-2011, uhlelo lwezimali United States usebhekene izinguquko ezinkulu kusukela Okukhulu Kwezomnotho. Umthetho Waqala ukusebenza lo Dodd - Frank mayelana ukuguqula Wall Street Wokuvikelwa Kwabathengi. Ungena uBarack Obama, lesi senzo senzelwe ukwandisa obala kohlelo lwezezimali. Ngo maphakathi engela ngalesi sikhathi isimo uye ukubeka izithakazelo bentela. Abantu abavamile kufanele ahlupheke ngenxa ukukhwabanisa isu esifushane sekuqhamuke ka ukuphathwa phezulu izinkampani ezahlukene.

imigomo

Umthetho kuqinisa kokuqondisa izikhungo ezinkulu zezimali, ucabanga zazo okulingana wokugoqa lonke uhlelo, njengoba kwakunjalo phakathi nezingxabano zamuva kunezinkinga zemali global owaqala ngokuvukela izinkinga kwelinye utshalomali ehola global ngenkathi Lehman Brothers ebhange.

imizimba emisha

Inhloso nokuqhutshwa isakhiwo commercial inzuzo. Futhi ngokuvamile kakhulu lesi sifiso aluhambelani umsebenzi ukuze kuzuze umphakathi futhi ngamunye yelungu ngalinye. Ngakho-ke, i-Dodd - Frank sihlinzekela ukusungulwa eziningi izikhungo ezintsha, injongo okuyinto ukulawula imisebenzi ezikhungweni systemically esibalulekile esiphathelene nemali, yokuncishiswa kanye nokuvikelwa bentela. Kwenziwa ushintsho kanye nemigwamanda ekhona. They namatha phezu, ngokukhethekile, SEC, Federal Reserve kanye Zezibambiso abatshalizimali Ukuvikelwa Corporation. Kwathiwa adalwe umzimba ezifana kuMkhandlu lwezezimali Ukuzinza Obhekela. umsebenzi wayo lomkhulu ukuhlonza izingozi ezikhona, ukuthola izindlela zokunciphisa kubo kanye nokwethulwa izinyathelo ezifanele.

ukudala umsebenzi

Elokuqala izigaba 15 soMthetho ngokuphelele azinikele nokugcinwa ukuzinza kwezezimali. It ulawula ukudalwa izindikimba ezimbili ezintsha. IHhovisi lwezezimali Research Council for Ukuzinza Obhekela. Bobabili babe nemisebenzi yabo, kodwa ukusebenza umbono jikelele ukwandisa ukuzinza uhlelo. Uqaphe nemisebenzi yabo-Ministry of Finance. UMkhandlu uhlola ulwazi olunikezwa ezingaphansi ejensi, futhi isisekelo balo likhiqize ukuhlolela ubungozi. uSihlalo walo manje kwemvume iningi afanelekayo amalungu ingadlulisela ukulawula Fed labo izinkampani zezimali ukuthi kukhona usola ngalolo bayamthwala ingozi ukuzinza emnothweni kazwelonke. Leli Bhodi uqaphe yonke izenzo normative ehlobene nale ndawo, futhi isikhulumi njalo emhlanganweni we Congress. Inhloso ye-Office ukuxhumanisa imisebenzi emizimbeni endaweni yokuqoqa ulwazi nocwaningo okuhloswe ngazo ekwakhiweni kwamathuluzi for zokuqapha ubungozi. Njengengxenye umzimba okufanele ukudala izikhungo ezimbili: idatha kusebenziswe futhi kuhlaziywe ngokwesayensi.

OTC zokuhweba

Uma ufunda le Dodd - Frank ngesiRashiya, kuyacaca ukuthi ukusebenza manje ohlala e-US, "Forex" imakethe alikho emthethweni. Lo Mthetho ngokuvamile sihlinzekela ayenqaba ephelele OTC zokuhweba. Bobabili lwemali namatshe ayigugu. Lungena ngaphansi kokuvinjelwa, futhi imisebenzi izinkampani ukuthi uvumele amakhasimende-izakhamuzi zabo US ukudayisa nomunye phezu "Forex" emakethe. Lezi ukuthengiselana kuyilapho ayengamzondi ngaphambili kubhaliswe ku exchange isitokwe futhi ngokugcwele labetibambile ngaphakathi ezinkampanini. Ushintsho olunjalo kufanele kuholele nokuncipha ukukhwabanisa, kwandisa obala kohlelo lwezezimali futhi ukuqinisekisa ukuvikelwa kwamalungelo abatshalizimali.

ngokumiswa ezinqubeni

Inkinga yezimali global ka 2008 kubangelwe hhayi kuphela ukuhlinzekwa loans ababoleka zazingeke zisebenze kahle, kodwa uvalo esaba khona lapho abantu ucabanga leqembu enkulu utshalomali njengoba Lehman Brothers. Ngakho-ke, i-Volcker umthetho kanye Dodd - Frank lula imisebenzi ezikhungweni systemically ezibalulekile uphelela. Umthengi abolekise uyashiywa Banking ukutshalwa kwezimali, nokulingana yangasese kanye nezikhungo zabo zezimali, uthango izimali. Dodd - Frank kanye Volcker umthetho abahlangene nesidingo sokuvikela abavamile baseMelika bentela. Eyokuqala wethula imithetho emisha zokuqeda izinkampani systemically ezibalulekile, kanti eyesibili kukhawula amandla wamabhange ukutshala zimali sawo uthango izimali. Manje bakwazi kuphela ngumnikazi 3% dolobha yokugcina. Dodd Mthetho - Frank sihlinzekela umbuso olukhethekile ekucwileni ezikweletini izikhungo ezinkulu zezimali kabani ukwehluleka kungaholela ukuwohloka kwaso sonke isimiso sezinto. Yonke inqubo manje ezizodinga imali okwenziwa uhulumeni wase-. Kusolwa ukuthi ngale ndlela uyogwema uvalo emakethe futhi ukudayiswa kwempahla ibhange emhlanganweni owenziwa ngingalokothi ngiwathathe kalula. Ngemva kokuphela ukuqedwa abanikazi kuthiwa ibuyiselwe izindleko. Uma nje kokuba ememezela ucabanga umzamo zokugcina ukudlula ingxenye yempahla noma amafa besithathu, kodwa manje kukhona inqubo yokubuyisela amagugu anjalo.

Isingeniso lwezijeziso ngesiqondiso

Umthetho ubuye umise umthwalo siqu abaphathi abaphezulu abenza izenzo kwaholela nciphisa yenkampani. Yiqiniso, bona bayakhishwa kusukela ukuphathwa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi bangase iyakwenqabela abanezikhundla ezifanayo nezinye izinhlangano zezimali. Ngokomthetho i-Dodd - Frank nabo kungenziwa zibuyiswe ngisho yomonakalo leyo nkampani abayisebenzelayo.

isakhiwo

Dodd - Frank siqukethe 15 izigaba. Eyokuqala lunikezelwe ukuhlinzeka ukuzinza kwezezimali. It sihlinzekela ukusungulwa kwemizimba emibili emisha. Ingxenye yesibili uchaza inqubo ngokumiswa. Okwesithathu - ukudluliswa kwamandla. Usikisela ukuqedwa ejensi ekhona ukunciphisa ukuphindaphindeka yemfanelo ukulawulwa kulo mkhakha kahulumeni. Isigaba sesine Sizokwenza ukuqapha imisebenzi abeluleki zezimali. Njengoba ngaphambili yayibizwa ezilungisiwe kuphela ezingeni lesifunda, wanika ilungelo lokubika ukukhwabanisa, kanye nokunye ukuhlukumezwa. Isigaba sesihlanu kuhilela ukuqapha zonke izici umshwalense. Dodd - Frank uguquko kwezezimali kuhilela ngcono futhi kungekho mithetho elandelwayo. kwesigaba sakhe lesithupha ubizwa ngokuthi Volcker Rule. Isigaba lwesikhombisa kuhilela isiqondiso wokwanda emakethe ye-derivatives esikweletu Swaps-credit default. Ekugcineni Trade kubo kumele kube isitokwe ngokuphelele. Ayisishiyagalombili asolwa ngokuba ukuhlanzwa kanye settlement yisiphosiso. I Fed idinga ukuthuthukisa amazinga ajwayelekile kwezinhlekelele zezikhungo systemically esibalulekile esiphathelene nemali. Lokhu kuzokhulisa ukuzinza komnotho iyonke. Dodd Mthetho - Frank yokuvikela kudinga ukuqapha ngcono izibambiso emakethe. Lesi sigaba lunikezelwe lesishiyagalolunye. Oweshumi lunikezelwe ukudala ngaphakathi yokuvikela bureau le Fed sika. Kufanele alawule ukuhlinzekwa imikhiqizo wezimali owedlule. Isahluko nanye yethula amandla Fed elisha eliphathelene ne ukuvalwa ngokuhleleka izinkampani ezinkulu. Nambili kusho lula ukufinyelela lemphakatsi i komholo ojwayelekile noma ongaphakeme ohlelweni zezimali. kwesigaba Nantathu uchibiyela uMthetho ku kuqiniswa komnotho ngonyaka 2008. Lweshumi nane ukuguqula abatshelekayo. ukwahlukanisa Nesihlanu - lokhu nezinye isikhundla.