I imihlola kwezomnotho asisebenzi ... Izinhlobo imihlola kwezomnotho

Igama elithi "umnotho" elisuka eGrisi lasendulo futhi inhlanganisela izimpande amabili "oikos" futhi "nomos". Okokuqala ngesiGreki sitolikwa njengoba indlu noma ipulazi, kanti eyesibili - umthetho. Ngenxa yalokho, emnothweni - iqoqo imithetho, imithetho, amazinga izindlu. Ukuhunyushwa kwalesi umqondo isikhathi esingaphezu ezinkulungwaneni ezimbili ngokwanele washintsha lufinyelele ezingeni eliphezulu.

incazelo Modern umqondo

Okokuqala, umnotho - emnothweni ngokwayo (ibuthelelo lezinto, amathuluzi, izinto, izinto okungokomoya futhi kulomhlaba, indoda esetshenziselwa ukunikeza izimo ezifanele zokuphila kwabo nokwaneliseka ngezidingo).

Lokhu ukuhumusha igama elithi kokubuyekezwa - Umbono yayo njengenhlangano izimiso ezisekela ukuphila osungulwe futhi isicelo, kanye nokugcina futhi ekuthuthukiseni nemibandela khona kanye ukuphila kohlanga lwesintu.

Okwesibili, umnotho - isayensi (selwati mayelana emnothweni futhi ezihambisana umsebenzi womuntu) kwi ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo ezihlukahlukene, ngokuvamile kungagcini, izinsiza ukuhlangabezana nezidingo ezibalulekile lomuntu ngamunye kanye nomphakathi wonkana; ebuhlotsheni babantu zingaveli inqubo nokuphathwa.

Ezomnotho njengoba isayensi njengoba umnotho ngokwayo terminologically umahluko ngokwethula imiqondo emibili etymologically ezihlobene - "ezomnotho" futhi "umnotho". Eyokuqala - ngqo umnotho (umnotho ukubonakaliswa ngokomzimba), kanti eyesibili - isayensi kwezomnotho - theory kwezomnotho. Lokhu asike izidumbu zabantu ekuliqondeni kangcono umqondo.

Kukholakala ukuthi umnotho njengoba isayensi yaqale ngokuhunyushwa isazi sefilosofi esivelele endulo - USocrates (470-390 BCE ...). Ngeshwa, ayezishumayela segcekeni main nasemigwaqweni, ukuze ayinazo ubufakazi ebhaliwe lokhu. Ngemva kokufa sefilosofi umsebenzi wakhe waqhubeka abafundi abaseduze - uPlato futhi uXenophon. Atshela isintu lapho ayesebenzela USocrates.

Kumele kucaciswe ukuthi Ukulisebenzisa ngokuqondile kanjena elithi "ezomnotho" ngolimi Russian kubhekwa ayilungile, ngakho-ke esikhundleni ne elithi "ithiyori kwezomnotho."

Kusukela umbono we Umbono Inhloso umqondo (njengenhlangano isimiso sezomnotho, kanye selwati ngakho), kanti ezinye abalobi ukuhlonza ukubaluleka wesithathu umnotho: nokuphathana kwabantu ezivela inqubo ukukhiqizwa lokuqala, kulandele ukusatshalaliswa ke exchange, futhi ekugcineni, umthengi izimpahla namasevisi.

Ngakho, emnothweni - ezolimo, isayensi-ke, kanye nokuphathwa kanye ebuhlotsheni babantu inqubo yayo.

Ukuchazwa imiqondo "imihlola kwezomnotho kanye izinqubo"

Lezi imiphumela yethonya ngesikhathi esisodwa inqwaba izimbangela orientation kwezomnotho. izinqubo wezoMnotho kanye izenzakalo akhiqizwa ngokuqhubekayo ziphenduke futhi wabhubhisa (bona ziyahamba okuqhubekayo). Lona okuthiwa dialectic yabo. Izibonelo imihlola okunjalo futhi izinqubo kungaba: exchange of izimpahla, . Ukuqothuka, ezezimali, ukumaketha, njll Kodwa ukumaketha zezombusazwe nemfundo kwezomnotho asisebenzi.

inqubo Economic - esigabeni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo zokukhiqiza impahla, kanye amabutho ayo elikhiqizayo (. abakhiqizi Direct, amakhono abo, ulwazi, amakhono, ubuchwepheshe, njll) futhi kwakhiwa ngesisekelo ubuhlobo bawo zokukhiqiza, okubandakanya mayelana nobudlelwane ngobunikazi izindlela ezitholakalayo zokukhiqiza (yangasese, wokubambisana, isimo, njalo njalo. d.), imisebenzi exchange ngesisekelo nokwahlukaniswa kwemisebenzi kanye ubuhlobo ekusakazeni umcebo okhona.

Ngaphakathi izinqubo zezomnotho ezimbili eziqondile abantu ukuxhumana ungqimba kungaba avelele: esokuqala - ebusweni (ebonakalayo zibukeke), kanti eyesibili - elingaphakathi (kufihlwe uyazibonela). Investigation zibukeke ubudlelwane kwezomnotho sobala zonke singatholwa yinoma ubani, ngakho kusukela ebuntwaneni, umuntu akha khona ukucabanga ejwayelekile kwezomnotho esekelwe ulwazi lwangempela ukuphathwa indlela. Lolu hlobo ukucabanga sizalwa nawo avame subjective. It is akulinganiselwe sengqondo umuntu oyedwa futhi ngokuvamile esekelwe ukwaziswa okungaphelele futhi eyodwa emaceleni.

ithiyori zezomnotho nazo luqonde ukuhlonza okuqukethwe yangaphakathi nokuthi ezinye izenzakalo kwezomnotho zihlobe- nabanye (nobuhlobo babo esiyimbangela).

Ukwahlukaniswa yalezi zinhlelo

imihlola izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho zihlukaniswe zinhlobo abafanele, kanye nezinhlobo, okusekelwe criteria ezifana uhlobo kwezenhlalo kanye nezithakazelo nomphakathi, ubunjalo ekusetshenzisweni kwazo emphakathini ethile. Lesi sigaba kunemibandela, Nokho, kuyasiza ukubeka okuqukethwe kwawo kwangaphakathi kanye nenani izici ukusebenza kwawo.

Izinhlobo imihlola kwezomnotho kungenziwa selihlukene ngesisekelo ezindaweni ezilandelayo:

1. Ubunjalo izifundo social evumela ukuhlukanisa izigaba ezintathu izinqubo zezomnotho kanye izenzakalo:

• uhlamvu ekilasini (nabalingisi esemqoka kanye yisandla - amakilasi olufanele);
• uhlamvu kazwelonke (main ukushayela force - isizwe);
• uhlamvu lonke (abadlali - namaqembu omphakathi kanye kwezakhi sabantu yezwe).

2. Izici okuqukethwe zihlanganisa izenzakalo ezilandelayo wokusebenzela abantu, umnotho izinqubo:

• Mayelana zixazulule izinkinga ezivamile ayenawo kwezesayensi nakwezobuchwepheshe;
• maqondana nokuxazulula izinkinga ezithile mayelana ukusebenza yasebhange kanye capital zezimboni;
• e nezinkinga nobudlelwano phakathi yobuhlanga;
• Mayelana nokuxazulula izinkinga amalungelo abantu nenkululeko.

3. Ububanzi nokujula yezenzo zabo likhombe elandelayo izinqubo zezomnotho kanye izenzakalo:

• ngamazwe lasezindlini;
• isikali zendawo ezinkulu kanye nabanye.

imihlola izimo zenhlalo yomphakathi nezomnotho kungabuye ihlukaniswe: i-elimazayo futhi ezakhayo, zesikhashana futhi uzinzile.

Kwezomnotho, iningi izinqubo zihlobene kakhulu. Isici esibalulekile akuyona kuphela iqiniso ukuthola ubudlelwano phakathi izinqubo zezomnotho kanye izenzakalo, kodwa futhi ukuqagela kwabo nokuphatha kahle ngokunika quantitation zezibalo. Lokhu iphatha izibalo. Ngakho omunye iqembu izinkomba uba izici (izimbangela), okubangela ashukumisayo enye isethi izinkomba ukuthi zibizwa ngokuthi ithele.

Uhlola ubudlelwane ihlukaniswa esekelwe esimweni, kuye ngokuthi indlela kanye cwaningo yokuxhumana. I imihlola kwezomnotho ungafaki: kukagesi emizimbeni ukubola nucleus, wokukhanya kwelanga, iqhwa, njll ...

umnotho indlela

Kuyinto isayensi mayelana izindlela yolwazi nokutadisha izici kwezomnotho imihlola kwezomnotho. It isinqumo ukwaba izindlela jikelele kanye lolusetulu imihlola kwezomnotho.

Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, owokuqala aqukethe izindlela ezilandelayo:

1. dialectic yezinto ezibonakalayo (zonke izinqubo nezenzakalo ihlaziye ku Dynamics okuqhubekayo, ukuthuthukiswa njalo futhi ubuhlobo obuseduze).
2. Abstraction Scientific (ukwabiwa edingekayo izici enkulu imihlola wafundelwa futhi izinqubo, ngenkathi kugwenywa zesibili).
3. Unity of the zomlando okunengqondo ulwazi (Ukuhlola umphakathi ngokuya ukulandelana zomlando ngaphezu ndlela enengqondo yokutadisha ibonisa ukuthi ukulandelana ukuvela kwemvelo kwemithetho kwezomnotho kanye nezigaba).

izindlela Private ukutadisha imiphumela ethinta ezomnotho zihlanganisa:

1. Economics and Mathematics (kwencazelo izici qualitative ambalwa kulezi zinkanyezi futhi a sebuningini ukwahlukahlukana ikhambi efanele kunayo yonke inkinga kwezomnotho).
2. ukuhlaziywa kanye zamagama indlela (imihlola eziyinkimbinkimbi kwezomnotho zihlukaniswe izingxenye aphansi, kamuva ngaphansi analysis eningiliziwe, okuholela ubuhlobo iqoqo lonke uhlelo esekelwe wokuhlanganisa izingxenye ngabanye).
3. indlela ingcaca (kuvumelana kwetinhlavu ubudlelwano izinkomba ezahlukene zomnotho bedle isimo somnotho ashukumisayo).
4. Indlela yokwenza yezenhlalakahle (inqubo lapho izenzakalo kwezomnotho uzifunde ngokucophelela kuqala, bese wathola ngokuhamba yalolu cwaningo waqinisekisa substantiation ngokwesayensi noma kunqatshelwe umkhuba womphakathi).
5. Indlela Induction futhi Imali ebanjwayo (yenguquko ukusuka ngokwengxenye izikhonkwane eziphelele, futhi okuphambene nalokho).

ukuhlaziywa kwezomnotho

Kuyinto iqoqo ehlelekile izindlela, amasu nezindlela ukuthi zisetshenziswa ukuze bathole iziphetho kwezomnotho mayelana ibhizinisi elithile.

ukuhlaziywa Economic - uhlelo nobuchwepheshe emikhakheni elandelayo:

1. Ukuhlaziywa imihlola kwezomnotho kanye izinqubo ebuhlotsheni babo esiyimbangela komunye nomunye, okuyinto bathonywe izinto kwezomnotho subjective nemithetho mgomo.
2. substantiation Scientific izinhlelo zebhizinisi.
3. Ukukhomba izinto emihle nemibi, kanye nesilinganiso ambalwa yezenzo zabo.
4. Ukudalulwa ukuthuthukiswa komnotho Amathrendi futhi ukunquma degree of kodwa engafaki ipulazi izinqolobane.
5. Ukwamukelwa izinqumo ezifanele futhi ezanele nokuphatha.

Uhlaziyo kuhlanganisa izenzakalo kwezomnotho amaphuzu abalulekile: liqine ubuhlobo, futhi nawubuka interdependencies nezizathu.

Kungasebenti njengesibonelo imihlola kwezomnotho

isizathu sakhe main - ushintsho funa maqondana nebhizinisi njalo siguqula bedle ukubaluleka inhlokodolobha zanqwabelana abasebenzayo.

Kungasebenti - buyinto komnotho amafomu emakethe imisebenzi ehlobene ukukhiqizwa, okuyinto kubonakala yokuthi labantu kwezomnotho ayinakho umsebenzi kanye engenayo ezinzile ngenxa yezizathu ezingaphezu kwamandla akhe.

Izizathu kubhekwa buyinto kwezomnotho

Abakwazi oluthathwa esekelwe umbono bezimfundiso ezahlukene zomnotho:

• Malthusianism (imbangela eyinhloko abangasebenzi - ngokweqile sabantu);
• ithiyori zobuchwepheshe (okuqanjwa kabusha lobuchwepheshe "odlulela" izisebenzi senqubo yokukhiqiza);
• Keynesianism (yokuntuleka ekuhlanganisweni (ngempumelelo) isihlobo ukuba zitshele imikhiqizo kanye nezici ukukhiqizwa);
• monetarism (ngokuvumelana nommeleli wakhe, Friedrich Hayek, imbangela zalesi simo kwezomnotho izenzo ukuphambuka yezinzuzo futhi intengo yakhoibrium yezinga labo ozinzile futhi isimo oda emakethe, okuholela ukuvela ukubekwa kwezomnotho engenabulungisa lwabasebenzi, okuyinto yena, kuholela esimweni Ukungadli funa kanye supply zomsebenzi);
• theory kaMarx ( "isivuno sisiningi kakhulu khona isihlobo", imbangela okuyinto yena, ukuba sikala dolobha Ukwakheka organic ngesikhatsi isitoreji yayo, ngokuqondene okuyinto (kuphela ngaphakathi ukukhiqizwa isicebi) kukhona ukwehla isihlobo isidingo zabasebenzi).

Kuzo zonke lezi zinkolelo-mbono ngenhla Yiqiniso, kumakwe kahle causation ka ezifana izenzakalo kwezomnotho njengoba abangasebenzi. Ngamafuphi kubo, ungathola ngokwanele inchazelo jikelele sezizathu umgomo ngoba lasungulwa: ukuntuleka funa aggregate kokubili izimpahla kanye izici zokukhiqiza ngaphansi kombandela okwandayo Ukwakheka organic capital.

Impahla njengoba buyinto kwezomnotho

Ekuqaleni, wenza njengoba ubudlelwane phakathi uhlanga lwesintu mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwezimpahla ezingokomoya nezingokwenyama, kanye nemibandela yokudalwa noma njengendlela yokubonisa ngokomlando omisiwe esihle emphakathini.

Impahla njengoba ubuhlobo kwezomnotho kubonakala ngesikhathi kumiswa umphakathi wesintu.

On the inqubo monopolization komhiaba, ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso, yagcina zonke izinhlobo kokucindezelwa kwezomnotho kanye non-kwezomnotho ukusebenza. Ngakho, imodi zokukhiqiza lasendulo bekulokhu kubabangele ukuphoqwa xaxa zezomnotho usekelwe ilungelo ubunikazi senceku, Asian - ubunikazi ilungelo phezu kwezwe, ngaphansi feudalism - ubunikazi kokubili ngamunye kanye emhlabathini.

I kokucindezelwa kwezomnotho ukuze umsebenzi wacasulwa kusukela impahla ngqo izimo zokukhiqiza noma ubunikazi dolobha.

Lesi simo esiyingqayizivele sibangelwa kwezomnotho - Ukwakheka kwezitho esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi multi-ntathu ngokwanele. Ngokomlando, kuyaziwa ukuthi impahla has amafomu amabili: jikelele kanye nalezo ezizimele. umehluko yabo ubunjalo, amafomu nezindlela zesichasiso, izinga lezindleko zokukhiqiza komphakathi. Phakathi kwabo kukhona ukuxhumana kunalokho eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Okokuqala, waba nesiqalo ezivamile kubalulekile, futhi ngokuvamile kuhlobene njengoba umehluko eliyisisekelo (umehluko phakathi kwabo ayikwazi wakhulela amaqiniso abonisa okuphambene). Ngokuqondene nalokhu yangasese kungenziwa uguqulwe ube langempela, futhi okuphambene nalokho. Okwesibili, kubhekwe buyinto kwezomnotho, khomba izinqubo nohlonze izici kwezomnotho yokuphila umphakathi, ayikwazi ukushintshwa.

Enye amafomu eziyisisekelo ubunikazi

Indawo yokuhlala yomuntu uhlukaniswe lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo:

• olulodwa (ngabanye);
• ngokuhlanganyela (sihlukaniswe futhi indivisible);
• jikelele;
• kwenziwe kuze kube sezingeni inhlangano noma isimo, noma monopolies YeSizwe.

Okuqukethwe impahla ezivamile kusekelwe usayizi emphakathini futhi isimo salo. Kungaba kokubili ngasikhathi umndeni (amakhaya), kanye ezingeni omphakathi noma inhlangano, noma isimo noma umphakathi (abantu).

imiphumela ethinta ezomnotho, izibonelo okuyizinto ngaphambilini (okubangelwa ukusweleka komsebenzi kanye nempahla) banikwa, aziqabukeli. Lokhu kungenzeka futhi ihlanganisa kwamandla emali, deflation, ukukhula komnotho, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, yonke imisebenzi, nokunye. N. imihlola kwezomnotho asisebenzi, isibonelo, inqubo efana nokhetho. Noma yimuphi mkhuba ngokomzimba noma amakhemikhali noma inqubo (ice ukuncibilika, ukuhwamuka, electrolysis, njll) Akulona yini iqiniso ukuthi kwezomnotho.

Kwezomnotho, zikhona izenzakalo kwezomnotho ezibhekwa ukuba elula, okuzovela phambi kwezinye futhi kwakha isisekelo ukuvela eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe. isibonelo esinjalo kungaba ukukhonza ngempahla.

Central Economics indlela

Them kukhombisa imihlola kwezomnotho - incazelo yabo ngolimi semthethweni usebenzisa ubuchule obuphezulu etibalo kanye nezinhlamvu elihambisana ukuhlonza ubudlelwano obusebenzayo phakathi kulezi zinkanyezi noma izinqubo. Lokhu eqala i idealization into.

Isici - isifundo mbumbulu ukwabiwa into ezifana into ephelele engekho empeleni, kodwa ukhonza ukwakhiwa phansi le mfundiso. Esikhathini yekwakha umcwaningi izinto ezifana lula kakhulu empeleni adonswa ngamabomu izakhiwo zabo esingokwemvelo noma eqinisweni ayinika izici zabo virtual. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuba ubone zokuxhumana ihlaziye ngokucace kakhudlwana ukulethe ikakhulukazi-aspect zezibalo.

Ngokuhambisana indlela yamanje, uma lokhu kudingekile ukuchaza lomkhuba ke kwakhiwa umfuziselo zezibalo ukuthi ibonisa izici zalo eziyisisekelo. Lokhu kulandelwa okutholakele zibhekwa njengemizamo ezizwakalayo amaqiniso waphawula, kungaba njengoba izitatimende ukuthi awaphikisani isimo somnotho.

Esigabeni esilandelayo - ukuqoqwa idatha enokwehla ukuhlolwa okwalandela imodeli. Ngokweyame ethola ucwaningo esilandelayo zezinombolo Imiphumela eyamukelekayo of a imodeli ezifana kungenziwa bazitshela ukuthi imiphumela theory asisekela enokwehla.

Wacabangela ukulinganiselwa indlela

Lubonakaliswa yokuthi eyisisekelo imodeli zezibalo ifakwe umkhawulo yinkimbinkimbi. Empeleni, it okuhlwanyelwe futhi uchaza esinye sezici ezibaluleke kakhulu kuphela. I inkinga kuholela nobunzima esisebenzayo kwesicelo wathola imvume orientation zezibalo.

Enye kusimo okubalulekile yokuthi bonke ezizathwini ukubeka phambili kwi-mathematics, ngaphandle kokukhetha, angahlolwa ngendlela eqondile. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi kungenzeka wokwakha kokubili engenamsebenzi futhi ungasizi, noma ngisho imodeli zamanga.

ukucabanga Mathematical - kungcono ukucabanga bajule. It dissects lomkhuba ibe izingxenye zalo ingxenye, okungase kuholele ekungasebenzini singenele maqondana uwukubonakaliswa ngokoqobo, ikakhulukazi mayelana ga tetenhlalo letibalulekile. Okubizwa ngokuthi wezibalo esisemthethweni liphazamisane ukubonakaliswa imininingwane ubudlelwane kwezomnotho nasemphakathini.

umnotho wezwe ngo-2015

Ngokusho usihlalo yiphini Central Bank Ksenii Yudaevoy, namuhla ezweni lethu isimo somnotho sisibi kakhulu: yokunika emali (figure wamanje - 8.9%) izoba nesigaba sokuqala sonyaka ka kulo nyaka (ongafinyelela 10%), kuyilapho kuzothatha maqondana imikhiqizo ukudla Inani ngisho ephakeme (u-12%). Ngokusho kwakhe, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi buthakathaka ruble ngokumelene US dollar kwaba cishe u-40%, kanye euro - 20-30%, emali ngeke samukele izindinganiso okulingana njengoba namhlanje kukhona inkinobho ziphoqa imikhiqizo amazwe ngoba yasekhaya, okwandisa intengo ahamba kancane kakhulu kunalokho.

isinqumo OPEC sika mayelana kulondolozwe quota ekukhiqizeni uwoyela basuke ngokoqobo ophoqelelwe Central Bank sicabangele simo esisha lapho umnotho wezwe ozokhula esikhathini esizayo (uma nokwehla esimaphakathi yentengo uwoyela ukuze ukubaluleka $ 60 umphongolo). Njengakho konke okufanayo K Yudaeva kulesi simo buzolinganiswa kabusha kwezomnotho Russian, kuhambisana ukungenisa esikhundleni nokwahlukana.

Daria Zhelannova (Iphini Lomqondisi ka uMnyango "Alpari" Analytical) futhi ukholelwa ukuthi okubaluleke kakhulu kwamandla emali futhi lube buthaka enkulu ruble sizoba ngasekupheleni ebusika 2015. Weluleka ukuba umthwalo ngokwabo loans hhayi ukuthenga lwemali okungenani elinye eziyisithupha izinyanga. D. Zhelannova kusikisela ukuthi kungcono umane kuze kuphele isikhathi.

Ngakho, ekugcineni kuwufanele ukukhumbuza ukuthi izenzakalo kwezomnotho (izibonelo :. Kungasebenti, impahla, inkohlakalo, ukuwa kwamandla emali, njll) bathonywa inqwaba izimbangela ezithile orientation kwezomnotho. Ngokuphathelene izinqubo zezomnotho ke lokhu kubhekisela kunoma inqubo ukuthi kuthinta nokukhiqizwa, exchange kanye ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo.

Kubalulekile nokukhumbula ukuthi inqubo yokhetho nemfundo kwezomnotho asisebenzi, kanye nanoma yikuphi ukusabela zamakhemikhali noma inqubo ngokomzimba.