Elikhulu kunawo wonke amaseli engokwemvelo

Chemical cell inhlangano sihlinzekela khona izinto ezihlukahlukene kanye compounds. Ngakho-ke, wasungula khona macro- futhi microelements, amanzi nosawoti wamaminerali. Kuqukethwe esitokisini futhi organic izinto, ezinkulu kunazo zonke enquma impahla yayo. Lezi zinto zehlela futhi inethonya eziningi izici i umzimba iyonke. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali yeseli isitshalo futhi isilwane efanayo ezingeni le-athomu. kukhona ezinye umehluko ezingeni yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.

Abaningi izinto eziphilayo maseli ungachazwa ukuthi ukuqanjwa kwawo kuhlanganisa molecule ezinkulu (macromolecules). Ngokuvamile, laba aqukethe ngokuphinda ezifanayo isakhiwo compounds ephansi yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Lezi zinto zehlela axhunyaniswa ngesibopho covalent Kumiswa kanye monomers. I monomers, esikhundleni salokho, yakha i-molecule othiwa i-polymer iqina.

Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke engokwemvelo amaseli - kukhona amafutha, acid nucleic, ukudla okumahhadla nomoya-amaprotheni.

amaprotheni

akhawunti bona ezingaba yishumi amabili amaphesenti. Lezi polymers okungajwayelekile aqukethe amino acid njengoba monomers. Amaphrotheni (uma siqhathanisa nabanye compounds) afakwa izici ezithile ezibalulekile. Okokuqala, la mangqamuzana ube nezinto eziphilayo omkhulu isisindo yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo. Ngokwesibonelo, isisindo yamangqamuzana kwemisipha amaprotheni 15 00000 kDa, kodwa, isibonelo, ETHYL utshwala - 46.

Njengengxenye polymers amaprotheni atholakala amino acid mayelana amabili. Ngamunye wabo isakhiwo ayo, igama, izakhiwo. Acid acid-molecule sakhiwe izingxenye ezimbili. Enye ingxenye yabo bonke okufanayo, futhi kufaka phakathi carboxylic acid iqembu futhi iqembu acid. Enye ingxenye ihlukile, futhi ubizwa ngokuthi "olukhulu".

Amaphrotheni ukudlala indima umthombo wamandla. Ngaphakathi amaseli sokudiliza ukuba ama-amino acid lezi zakhi. Ezinye zazo asetshenziselwa amaprotheni zamagama, kanti enye ingxenye yaba ubabonisa ezijulile eqhekeza inqubo. Phakathi yokugcina futhi amandla ikhishwe.

carbohydrate

Lezi engokwemvelo amaseli zimumethe hydrogen, yekhabhoni nomoya-mpilo. Zonke carbohydrate zihlukaniswe monosaccharides futhi polysaccharides. Ubuningi yezinhlayiya yokugcina axhunyiwe nabanye, amanzi ngamunye kukhishwa. Ngakho, i-polysaccharide.

Carbohydrate kufakwe abathwali Imininingwane lezinceku - acid nucleic.

lipids

Leli qembu kuhlanganisa izinto amafutha-like futhi amafutha ngqo. Lipids akheke ezahlukene. Noma kunjalo, konke abanalo izakhiwo jikelele. Lipids kukhona zingaxazululeki emanzini, ngaleyo ndlela kalula encibilikayo chloroform, benzene, elithi ether nezinye ezihogelwayo.

Amafutha kanye compounds amafutha-like idlala indima ebalulekile. Ingxenye lipid ngesisindo ezomile - 5-15%. Ngakho kwezinye amaseli okuqukethwe ifinyelela 90%. Fat kuyisici esihlupha bonke ubisi mammalian. Esikhathini ihlengethwa zesifazane, isibonelo, inani fat in the ubisi - 40%.

acid nucleic

Igama lezi zakhi lezi zinkulumo zisuselwa egameni lesi Latin "Nucleus" (nucleus). Lezi izinto sezihlonziwe futhi wahlukaniswa Fridrihom Misherom lamaseli nucleated. kwakwakhe labelwe kuhlanganisa phosphorus kanye nitrogen Ngo-1869, unyaka ezinto Swiss.

acid nucleic kukhona eliphezulu yamangqamuzana isisindo compounds. Bona kucinisekisa kulondvolotwa kanye nokudlulisela ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo ezintweni eziphilayo. Lezi biopolymers akhiwa amayunithi monomer ka-nucleotide, okuyinto equkethwe semali. Nucleotide ukucacisa izici eziyinhloko we eziphilayo.

DNA - molecule ye polymeric, esakhiwa inqwaba monomers - deoxyribonucleotides. RNA kuyinto polymer. I monomer therein kuphuma ribonucleotide.