Ontogenesis - a Psychology okungukuthi

Inqubo kuchazwe izinguquko ontogeny ilandelana umzimba kusuka aphansi emazingeni aphezulu ka imisebenzi ebalulekile. Kukhona ukuphelela kwesakhiwo nemisebenzi yokusetshenziswa ngabanye.

izifundo ontogeny iqhutshwe eyala eziningana ngokwesayensi. Ngokwesibonelo, ontogeny morphophysiological (ukwakheka komzimba) iyona into ukutadisha biology. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ontogeny ngokwengqondo nangokwenhlalo sifundwa kuwo emikhakheni ehlukene Psychology (psychogenetics, ubudala nengane kwengqondo, ezenhlalakahle kanye nokubhekelela Psychology zemfundo).

Imiqondo phylogeny futhi ontogeny

Igama elithi "phylogeny" (ngesiGreki. "Phyle" - "Imikhiqizo Yezolimo, uhlobo lwe, isizwe" futhi "genos" - "umsuka") lisetshenziswa selisho inqubo ukubukeka ekuthuthukiseni zomlando kwezinhlobo. Ngo isayensi ngokwengqondo ukuthuthukiswa psyche kwezilwane ngokuhamba khona ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi ukuvela izinhlobo komuntu.

Okuningi Okubaluleke kakhulu umqondo "ontogeny". Lokhu (kwengqondo) ukuthuthukiswa psyche ngabanye. Kulokhu sikhuluma uhlobo unomphela ukuthuthukiswa - kusuka ekuzalweni kuya okwamanje lokufa kwakhe. Imiqondo phylogeny futhi ontogeny isayensi ngokwengqondo lathathwa biology, umbhali yabo sesayensi German Ernst Haeckel.

umthetho biogenetic

Ngesisekelo imiqondo le, kanye F. 'uMüller, Haeckel washayelwa umthetho biogenetic (1866). Ngokusho ke, umuntu ngamunye ekuthuthukiseni ngabanye (ontogeny) sihamba kancane zonke izigaba zazo (phylogeny).

Ngemva kwalokho, umthetho biogenetic khona kabi wagxeka iningi lososayensi. Ngokwesibonelo, njengoba esiphikisayo Scientific oPhethe University of Jena iphuzu yokuthi azikho womuntu embryonic umsila futhi gill izimbotshana. Naphezu ukwesekwa yomthetho biogenetic kaCharles Darwin (wamemezela ubufakazi bakhe eyinhloko inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela kwemvelo), lowo mcabango yacatshangelwa Scientific yoMkhandlu njengoba untenable, futhi umlobi wayo - esolwa ngokukhwabanisa ngokwesayensi.

Noma kunjalo, umthetho biogenetic, futhi eqinisweni abantu babhekwe njengabezinye recapitulation (Latin:. "Recapitalatio" - "lesifinyetiwe, ukuphindaphinda emfushane wangaphambili lokuqala") waba elikhulu ekuthuthukiseni isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, kuhlanganise - sokuthuthukiswa imibono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. ithonya umthetho wayo biogenetic okube nawo ukuthuthukiswa kwengqondo. I ontogeny of psyche ngabanye awukwazi ukudlala indima isipiliyoni dlule zukulwane.

Inkinga zamabutho ukushayela of kwengqondo

Hlukanisa inkinga ngokwengqondo esiyinhloko siwukuthi umbuzo yini izici uholela ekuthuthukiseni umqondo, inquma ontogeny yayo. Lokhu Psychology kunqunywa umqondo zamabutho ukushayela of kwengqondo. Kunezinhlobonhlobo zezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko ekuxazululeni le nkinga - biogenetic (zemvelo) kanye sotsiogenetichesky (umphakathi).

Abasekeli yezindawo zokuqala igcile ufuzo (ufuzo), bakubheka njengobuthakathaka nenkampani okuholela inqubo yentuthuko ngabanye nomqondo. Ngakho, indima social izici lincishisiwe. Phakathi abameleli ovelele indlela biogenetic - Descartes, F-F. Rousseau, uSpencer, S. Hall, D. Baldwin.

Okuphambene, indlela sotsiogenetichesky njengoba amabutho ukushayela of kwengqondo ngamnyama isici nomphakathi - indima isimo senhlalo. Man Ngakho, uba umkhiqizo yangaphandle (ngokungaqondile) Ithonya. Inani ufuzo wabasekeli womuntu wale ndlela sizibiwe. Abamele -. J. Locke, E. Durkheim, P. uJanet.

Two-factor imfundiso yokuziphendukela ontogenesis of psyche

Futhi, ezama ukuhlanganisa kokubili izici Benziwe - a zenani elikhulu eziyifa kanye nomphakathi - ukuchaza ngokucacile imiqondo engqondo "ontogeny". Lokhu kuholele ekutheni isiqondiso lwesithathu kwengqondo - imfundiso yokuziphendukela izici ezimbili. Kwakuwusuku umcwaningi ngowokuqala Stern, ngubani washayelwa isimiso tekuhlangani yezinto ezimbili. Ngokwalesi simiso, emgqeni lezinceku ephambana ngolayini, ngenxa imvelo yayo yezenhlalakahle ukuthuthukiswa komuntu (kukhona Kuhlangana).

Ngenxa yalokho, ontogeny kwengqondo yomuntu kwenziwe inqubo ukuhlanganisa izimo ngaphakathi nangaphandle ukusebenza kwengqondo. Ngokwesibonelo, isazela isegazini yomdlalo ziyonquma ingane izodlala kanjani futhi nini. Futhi, izinto kanye nenqubo izimo izonqunywa imvelo langempela.

Yayidingeka amasu ezikhethekile ukuhlonza imininingwane yalolu ubuhlobo yezici nangaphakathi labo ukucacisa ontogeny. Ngo Psychology zentuthuko.Ngingahambi indlela abangamawele.

imininingwane ebalulekile

Twin indlela wawusekelwe Luhlatiyo kwengqondo kwamawele mono- futhi dizygotic. Babesikisela ukuthi uma lamawele kukhona dizygotic (DZ - ufuzo ezahlukene) ukuthuthukisa ngezindlela ezahlukene, ngakho-ke, isici zofuzo ezimweni zenhlalo alinganayo kubalulekile. Uma ukuthuthukiswa cishe ezingeni elifanayo izinga, ikakhulukazi siphumelelisa loku isici nomphakathi. Nge twins monozygotic (MH - ufuzo ezifanayo) Isimo sithi asifane. Ngemva kwalokho okuza futhi umehluko DZ- MZ twins abahlala / izimo ezahlukene efanayo uqhathaniswa. Twin indlela kabanzi lisetshenziswe psychogenetics.

Ngakho, i-Psychology ukwakha ubuntu e ontogenesis, ngokuvumelana imfundiso yokuziphendukela Kuhlangana, eliqhutshwa izimbazo ezimbili:

• X izakhi zofuzo.
• Ngo izakhi imvelo.

Ngokwesibonelo, owaziwa British sokusebenza kwengqondo Eysenck intelligence kubhekwe njengendlela esuselwe imvelo 80% futhi kwangaphakathi (lezinceku) - 20%.

A kusimo kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela kwezici ezimbili yentuthuko ubuntu ubhekwa ulinganiselwe okubangelwa ukwengeza lezinceku mechanical izinkomba social. Ngakwelinye ihlangothi, ontogenesis - kuyinto (kwengqondo) inqubo more xaka, ayikwazi ukwenziwa kuphela izibalo ezithile. Kubalulekile ukucabangela isilinganiso hhayi kuphela yabo ambalwa, kodwa futhi izici qualitative. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iphethini enjalo sihlale sikhona isikhala ukungefani kwabantu ngabanye.

Psychoanalytic yokusondela welithi "ontogeny" kwengqondo

Kuyini - ontogeny - ngokombono psychoanalysis? Uma imfundiso odlule sabona tekuhlangana (Kuhlangana) we-eksisi izakhi zenani elikhulu eziyifa kanye nomphakathi, imfundiso yokuziphendukela Freud sasho, inqubo reverse. Lezi zici ezibhekwa kusukela iphuzu ngxabano, umthombo okuyinto lokungafani yemvelo yezifiso, ingxenye okungokwemvelo ubuntu ( "id", "It" - engakunakile) kanye nomphakathi ( "superego", "superego" - unembeza, izinkambiso zokuziphatha).

Lapho umuntu is eliqhutshwa amaza kufihlwe nezifiso, ke siwukubonakaliswa zemvelo, isakhiwo yayo equlekile. Ezama ukulawula imininingwane isifiso, ukulahlwa kwabo, ukulahlwa, ezama esikhundleni sabo inkumbulo - kuyinto umsebenzi uphiko social ungubani (uhlelo sesiwati yamanani, izinkambiso kanye imithetho yokuziphatha, kwakheka bedle imvelo komuntu kwezenhlalo).

Lo mbono futhi liye wagxeka umphakathi kwesayensi, ikakhulukazi umahluko omkhulu okhona phakathi yezingxenye begazi nezenhlalo ubuntu.

umqondo Analytical KG umfana

Ukubuyela umqondo recapitulation (umthetho biogenetic), siye sahlola ngenhla, kungase kube ezifuze Psychology Analytical of wezifo Swiss CG waphawula Jung. Sikhuluma ngale ndlela ngemfundiso yokuziphendukela engakunakile ngokuhlanganyela. Njengoba nje u-Ernst Haeckel kubonakala recapitulation ontogeny ka phylogeny, Jung ubona umuntu njengoba umphathi isipiliyoni ngemilingo zezizukulwane ezedlule. Lokhu silingo kuboniswe ifomu olujiyile ngesimo amaphethini athile okuqonda kanye nencazelo ngokoqobo - archetypes. Ukuvimba esidlule futhi ukuntula kwabo ukufinyelela ezingeni ukwazi kunomthelela omubi inqubo ontogenesis, kubangela ukuhlukumeza ibhalansi engqondo womuntu.

Ontogenesis nemisebenzi

Ukwethulwa komkhakha womsebenzi, ngokuvumelana Psychology kazwelonke, DB Elkonin ivumela ngezinga elithile ukuze ngixazulule inkinga yokuntuleka kwezinto ukwabiwa izici alawula ontogenesis of psyche. Inqubo ukuthuthukiswa - okungukuthi, okokuqala kunakho konke, umsebenzi isihloko ngenxa umsebenzi walo omkhulu. Ngokuqondene yokuba izici zofuzo eziyingozi kanye nomphakathi, bayobe besebenza njengethuluzi indawo ukuthuthukiswa, kodwa hhayi njengoba evelele yalo. Tibangela hhayi inqubo yentuthuko engqondweni, kodwa kuphela zayo ezihlukahlukene ngaphakathi uhla evamile.