Iyunithi eyisisekelo inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuyinto ...

Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi uma iplanethi yethu behluke kangako. Yonke into yayihlukile: izitshalo, izilwane, emoyeni, emanzini. izigidi eziningi zeminyaka Umhlaba uye washintsha eziye bemletha leli phuzu. Lezi zinguquko gqwa ngokwemvelo futhi igama layo ngokwesayensi - kwemvelo. Zama ukuqonda ukuthi iyini futhi izinqubo kanjani phambili.

Umqondo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Uma ukunikeza incazelo ngokuya biology ke singasho kanjalo. Evolution - kuyinto izinguquko ezingenakuhlehliswa ngesikhathi, okwenzeka eziphilayo nomthofu ophilayo ukuba ukuhlanganisa ezakhini zofuzo, izici asanda kuluthola ukuthi ziwenza akwazi ukuthola ukuthi ukuzivumelanisa yisiphi isimo.

Kulesi iyunithi inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo akuyona ngamunye othize, ngoba kukhona amaqembu lonke eziphilayo ezifanayo. Ngakho-ke, umqondo amayunithi aphansi yale nqubo emikhulu sekuyisikhathi eside impikiswano. ososayensi Modern kusho izakhamuzi ngazwi linye ngazisa ukuthi iyunithi inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yiyona labantu.

kakhulu Inqubo yimuphi umuntu usukela emuva isibonelo esikhethekile nemvelo, uma isebenzisa owayo yokwenza kanjalo. Ngakho, kusobala kakhulu Akukhona ukubukeka amadivayisi yokuphila abafanele amavukuzi, ngokuhlanganiswa ukulahlekelwa okuphelele umbono. Phela, ngaphansi phansi kungekho ukukhanya, ngakho-ke lo mbono ayibalulekile. Kodwa iphunga lezi zidalwa ukuba ayefisa ukufana nabo. Ukuhogela okusasibungu e emashumini ambalwa amamitha!

Kusobala ukuthi amafomu kakhokho lezi zilwane kwakufanele impilo eliwumhlaba futhi kungukuthi bancishwa yimuphi umbono noma isakhiwo evamile nasemilenzeni phambi. Yiqiniso, akukho kwesokudla ukuguqulwa. Sekungamakhulu amaningi eminyaka, zeminyaka futhi izigidi zeminyaka-ke wathatha Mother Nature ukubangela amavukuzi efomini lapho baziwa kithi manje. Futhi ngakho nazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo akufanele sicabange ukuthi siphila ezweni umile lapho biomass uzinzile futhi bakheké ngokuphelele.

Evolution senzeka namuhla, eneka izinguquko zonke zezilwane, izitshalo, amagciwane, ngisho nabantu. Vele kwenzeka ezakhini zofuzo, futhi ayikwazi ukubonwa abantu bangesikhathi sakhe.

I amagama ka imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Kunezindlela eziningana imiqondo ukuthi kufanele ufunde indlela isebenze ukuze unombono mayelana kwemvelo futhi izinqubo ezihambisana naso. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukunqwabelana theory nolwazi base nje okungaqondile yazo zonke Mater wathola zazibonakalisa eside ukuthi libhekisela kulabo noma nezinye izinto eziphilayo nokushintsha isimo sabo, izenzo, izenzakalo yemvelo. Izinguquko Emculweni kuhlanganisa metamorphoses eziningi nezinqubo, Nokho, ukunikeza incazelo ayinhloko.

1. Ufuzo - ikhono eziphilayo ukudlulisa enzalweni yabo izici obusingethwe genotype. Ngenxa wakhe, kunabantu ezifanayo ukuthi yakha lonke labantu.
2. Variability - lesi sici eziphilayo elivela lokuzalwa futhi iqhubeka kukho konke ukuphila, okuyinto ikuvumela ukuthola izici ezintsha, ngokuhlanganisa genotypes ka uyise nonina.
3. Kwezakhi - kuyingxenye ebalulekile lo mkhuba. Iyunithi inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo Yiqiniso, hhayi kuguquka. Nokho, kuyinto le yisandla of ushintsho ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
4. Ukulwela ukukhipha khona - ukubangisana engokwemvelo abantu indawo, ukudla, indawo evumayo ukuphila, amanzi, owesifazane, nokunye. Kuyinto sale mpi eyathatha isikhathi inquma inani izilwane nokuxuba izitshalo ezithile, amandla nokukhuthazela. Labo ukuthi ukusinda, waqina, washiya, ngokulandelana, eziqinile ngaphezulu futhi kwaguqulwa inzalo.
5. Ukukhetha Natural - kwenziwe ngokwemvelo inqubo ukuthi inquma indawo ekuphileni ngamunye, nokukhawulela izinombolo zabo, nokukhawulela inchubekelembili yokuzala futhi ungafi.
6. Iyunithi inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo - kungcono labantu. Lelo qembu eziphilayo efanayo, ukudluliswa ngaphakathi isethi othize izici nenzalo yomuntu nenzalo kokuba isethi efanayo yezici morphological, bokuphila yokwakheka, ichaza iyunithi kulencane isakhi inqubo ukuthuthukiswa.

Ukuze uthole ukuqonda ngokuphelele lomkhuba kufanele kuqondwe futhi imiqondo emvelweni ezifana zilwane, uhlobo lwe, labantu, biocoenosis, biomass, nezinye uHlu Jikelele Lwamakheli.

Umlando ukuthuthukiswa imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

Umqondo kwemvelo njengoba inqubo yentuthuko kufikile kubantu ngokushesha. Ekuqaleni, mayelana nezinguquko ezitshalweni nasezilwaneni okukhulunywa ezikhathini zasendulo. Khona-ke Sages, zefilosofi futhi abacwaningi baye baqaphela ukuthi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abantu abafani, abaningi babe nezimpawu ezifanayo. Phakathi izingqondo edume kunazo zazimi kanje:

• Fales.
• Xenophanes.
• Heraclitus.
• Alcmaeon.
• Empedocles.
• UPlato.
• Aristotle.
• Inhlanganiso yocezuningi nabanye.

izikhathi Medieval futhi yesimanje

NgeNkathi Ephakathi imfundiso yokuziphendukela ezivame kakhulu ngemvelaphi nokuthuthuka ukuba khona kokuphila kwakuyindaba kreotseonistskaya. Nkulunkulu zithathwa njengeziNdawo ezingamaGugu umdali olulodwa, wadala umhlaba njengoba injalo, nazo zonke ezinye ukubukwa awazange kubhekwe kungenzeka. Lokhu behlisa ukuthuthukiswa umfanekiso kweqiniso isikhathi eside.

Kamuva, lapho sekudlule ngenkathi ukutholakala geography bezwa okunhlobonhlobo lwezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni, sekuyisikhathi incazelo theory lokhu ezihlukahlukene. Kwabe sekufika imfundiso yokuziphendukela ushintsho kwemvelo. Uyise ubhekwa edumile emhlabeni wonke eyiNgisi uCharles Darwin. Nokho, belingana naye cishe okwatholwa efanayo ezenziwe futhi omunye usosayensi - Elisabeth Uolles. Endaweni ukubukwa kreotseonistskim weza transformistskie.

Ingqikithi kwawo kuhlanganisa kulo ngenkolelo yokuthi lelo umhlaba wanikwa, futhi kuphela kwesikhathi isidlulile kugucuka eziningi futhi kwakhiwa labo eziphilayo ezikhona namuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inqubo ukuguqulwa akayekile, futhi kuyaqhubeka kuze kube manje futhi sizoqhubeka kuze kube phakade uma nje kukhona ukuphila.

Imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokuvumelana Darwin

Yini le nkolelo-mbono ithi, adalwe eyiNgisi? Lingubani of inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi kungani kwenzekani? Lumelela amalungiselelo ezithile ezingukhiye le mfundiso.

1. Zonke ezihlukahlukene zokuphila okukhona emhlabeni, kuwumphumela izinkulungwane zeminyaka kabusha, kantsi asenziwanga ngobusuku obubodwa uMdali.
2. Ngesisekelo kwemvelo izinqubo ezifana ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo, ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo ukudluliswa izizukulwane, ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezenzeka labantu, kokuhlukana kwezinhlobo.
3. kuphakama izimpawu okusha futhi awashintsheki ngenxa emzabalazweni khona, okuyinto kuyindlela yokuthola ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo.
4. Umphumela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo - kumiswa i umzimba okunjalo olusutha kakhulu izimo ukhona.

UCharles Darwin enganikanga kuphela incazelo ezincwadini ukuthuthukiswa wokuphila, kodwa futhi isekelwa zonke ucwaningo olwenziwa. Into kuphela ayengawuqondi nokuchaza - kuba leyehlukene izici heritable. Ngokubona kwakhe, labo izici abangu isuka ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, ziye zashintshwa fade ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Nokho, ucwaningo Mendel sika babonisile ukuthi enzeka phakathi kwezizukulwane ezimbalwa emuva.

Unit yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokuvumelana Darwin

Ukuze uchaze noma iyiphi inqubo, kubalulekile ukwaba eyeseli aphansi. Futhi kwemvelo. UCharles Darwin wayekholelwa ukuthi zinhlobo - kuyinto iyunithi inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ingabe kuyiqiniso lokhu namuhla? Cha, eqinisweni, kusukela ngokombono zokwenziwa theory samanje ukuphila, umbono ayikwazi kubhekwa njengento kuyizinhlayiyana ezincane kunazo zonke ushintsho yonke ngesikhathi.

Ngokusho ukubukwa wesimanje, lisisakhiwo inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuyinto labantu. Izizathu kubhekwa kamuva.

Darwin ayekholelwa nawukuthi indawo cell kencanikhulu - uhlobo. Wachaza futhi baloba izinguquko ohlotsheni oluthile lwento ephilayo eyodwa abantu, kubhekwe isiqalo nesigcino zezici ezinomthelela lezi zinguquko.

Kuyini kohlobo?

Kungani ungacabangi ukuthi iyunithi inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo uhlobo? Ngenxa yokuthi kakade kwakubonisa ukuthi umphumela inqubo ukuthuthukiswa wokuphila - lithathelwe izici zendawo. Ukuthola kanye nokuhlanganiswa lezizibonakaliso, ozokusiza ukuba khona ngokukhululekile ezindaweni ezahlukene.

Nokho, masikhumbule, isibonelo, onqenqemeni polar. Indawo lapho kukhona njalo eshanela blizzards futhi aphuphuthekise iqhwa elimhlophe, lapho abandayo kanye frost ukwenza ziyathuthumela. Kulesi endaweni ehlala uhlobo ezingaphezu kweyodwa ezithile isilwane, kodwa uvumelane nezimo ukuba ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima ezifana zifana kakhulu. Lokhu noboya obukhulu undercoat, umbala omhlophe, ungqimba obukhulu fat ongama, usayizi esikhulu, njalo njalo.

Ngakho, kubonakala sengathi i-izinhlobo ezahlukene zesifo amadivayisi efanayo. Yingakho ubunye inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo akuyona engawuvali - nje engqamuzaneni aphansi ngemvelo njengoba isayensi. Lena iqoqo abantu nge morphological efanayo, izimpawu bokuphila, yokuphila, kanye bangazihluphi endaweni ethile futhi ngokukhululekile ngikubhastelise ukwakha inzalo evundile.

Umphakathi njengoba iyunithi eyisisekelo inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

zokwenziwa - imfundiso yokuziphendukela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo namuhla. Kuyinto umphumela ekubumbaneni kuzo zonke ukubukwa esikhathini sikaCharles Darwin, nocwaningo lwanamuhla futhi kufinyelelwe iziphetho ezinembile. Akanayo ungumlobi, kuba - umkhiqizo umsebenzi yososayensi abaningi abavela emazweni ehlukene.

Ngakho, kuba lo mbono inquma ukuthi iyunithi inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yiyona labantu. Kuyinto lokhu - komncane kunabo iyunithi cell yale nqubo ukuguqulwa global.

Kusukela umbono ngemvelo, labantu - kuyindlela yokuba khona kwezinhlobo ezithile eziphilayo ngaphakathi which they engcono ingashintshwa ukuze imvelo yabo. Omunye labantu ungase uhlanganise kokubili abantu kwezinhlobo ngekufana nekwehluka kwato. Izimpawu abanakho, nazo zingase zihluke. Ezinye eziphilayo angase abe mancane, abanye esikhulu, njalo njalo.

Ngo labantu ngalinye kukhona umzabalazo khona, ukuzihlela nokuzivumelanisa kwemvelo, ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo akhiwa futhi fixed labo noma ezinye izimfanelo. Okungukuthi, kuba kwemvelo.

Amabutho ukushayela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo

kakade Sishilo mayelana izinqubo eziyisisekelo izinjini lokhu macrophenomena - kwemvelo. Nalapha ubhekisele kuwo.

1. Ukukhetha Natural Kwenziwa ngezithukuthuku umzabalazo khona ngaphakathi labantu naphakathi kwawo.
2. Ufuzo futhi kokuhlukana, okuholela sokuhlanganiswa izici ezibalulekile ezintsha kule genotype.
3. Ukuguqula izakhi zofuzo, kokubili okuzuzisayo nokulimazayo. Okungahleliwe noma iqondiswe, wona aholela sokuhlanganiswa izici ezintsha.
4. Artificial Ukukhetha - waqondisa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwenziwe ngumuntu ngokuba izinhlobo kwesokudla zezitshalo nezilwane (ukuthi ukwenza ngaphandle kokuhlela zokuzalanisa izitshalo kanye nemfuyo).

Inani ifa phakathi kwemvelo

Ikhono ukudlulisa izimpawu njengefa - ke liyisici esibalulekile kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo. Inikeza ikhono nokuzala ngamunye efanayo, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo bese amasha. Ufuzo - kuyisisekelo sokuphila.

Iqhaza begazi ke iwukuhlale inani labamemezeli zinhlobo ezahlukene kanye nokongiwa endle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto - omunye force main eqondisa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.

Variability kanye nendzima yayo

Asinakusho ukuthi kokuhlukana - iyunithi inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ingabe kunjalo isixhumanisi yayo ebalulekile? Yiqiniso yebo. Kuyinto kule nqubo ngesisekelo yokufuna izici ezintsha kanye nezici. ikhono lomzimba recombination, ukwakheka izimpawu ezintsha kanye nenkanuko edlulele zabo - konke lokhu kungenxa kokuhlukana.