Akwaziwa ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo yasekhaya futhi abakutholile

Kwaze kwaba sekhulwini XIX, welithi "biology" alikho nhlobo, nalabo abenza isifundo bemvelo, ngokuthi estestvoznatelyami, izazi zemvelo. Manje lezi ososayensi abakubiza ngokuthi okhokho Isayensi yempilo. Asikhumbule, ababe ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo yasekhaya (zavula kafushane chaza), sithonye ukuthuthukiswa biology njengoba isayensi , futhi wabeka isisekelo sokuba izinkomba entsha.

NI Vavilov (1887-1943)

Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ezikholelwa yethu futhi abakutholile eyaziwa emhlabeni wonke. Phakathi edume kunazo - Nikolay Ivanovich Vavilov, isazi sezitshalo Soviet, isazi sokuma kwezwe, umfuyi, isazi sezakhi zofuzo. Wazalwa emndenini yomthengisi, wafundiswa e-Institute of Agriculture. Iminyaka engamashumi amabili, wahola uhambo yesayensi ukutadisha flora. Yena uye wahambela cishe embulungeni yonke ngaphandle Australia kanye nase-Antarctica. Iqoqo eziyingqayizivele imbewu ezitshalweni nasezihlahleni ezihlukahlukene.

Phakathi uhambo lwakhe, ososayensi baye bathola Emazikweni umsuka izitshalo kutshalwa. Wasikisela ukuthi zikhona izikhungo ezithile umsuka. Yena negalelo elikhulu ekutadisheni isitshalo ukungatheleleki umthetho uchungechunge homologous, esangenza ukusungula regularities ukuvela ezimileni kwembulwe. Ngo-1940, i-sezitshalo, uboshwe ngamacala angamanga ngokukhwabanisa. Washonela ejele, ngemva kokufa kwakhe ukuthi avuselelwe.

AO Kovalevsky (1840-1901)

Phakathi kwamaphayona hlala liyindawo efanelekayo izazi zezinto eziphilayo yasekhaya. Futhi ukutholakala kwawo poyavliyali ekuthuthukiseni isayensi emhlabeni. Phakathi omhlaba bodumo abacwaningi ezingenamgogodla - Aleksandr Onufrievich Kovalevsky, isazi sezinto eziphilayo futhi sesayensi yemibungu nokukhula kwayo. Wafundiswa Petersburg University. Watadisha izilwane zasemanzini, baqala uhambo Red, iCaspian, LwaseMedithera-Adriatic. Wadala Sevastopol esiteshini zasolwandle begazi futhi sekuyisikhathi eside umqondisi walo. Wenza umnikelo omkhulu e aquarium.

Aleksandr Onufrievich wafunda Embryology futhi physiology ezingenamgogodla. Yena wayengumbulali umsekeli walokhu KaDarwin futhi wafundelwa izindlela yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Wayeqhuba ucwaningo emkhakheni izitho zomzimba, nokwakheka Histology of ezingenamgogodla. Waba omunye wabasunguli be-Embryology kwemvelo nokunye Histology.

II Mechnikov (1845-1916)

ososayensi bethu, izazi zezinto eziphilayo futhi abakutholile ziye baziswa emhlabeni. Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov ngo-1908 iwine uMklomelo KaNobel ngo Physiology noma Medicine. Mechnikov wazalelwa emndenini isikhulu, efundile eNyuvesi laseKharkov. Yavula ukugaya intracellular, amasosha omzimba yeselula, usebenzisa izindlela efakazelwe Embryology imvelaphi ezivamile ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla ezinamehlo ezingenamgogodla.

Wayesebenza ngezindaba yokuziphendukela kwemvelo nezinye Embryology kanye Kovalevsky waba umsunguli kulesi siqondiso ngokwesayensi. Mechnikov imibhalo zazibaluleke kakhulu ekulweni nezifo ezithathelwanayo, i-typhoid fever, isifo sofuba, ikholera. Ososayensi bekwi izinqubo yokuguga. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ukufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi is ushevu ngo ubuthi microbial futhi wathuthukisa izindlela ezihlanzekile emzabalazweni, indima enkulu ukubuyisela microflora emathunjini usebenzisa imikhiqizo yobisi. usosayensi Russian idale isikole kwezokugoma, i-microbiology, zokugula.

Pavlov II (1849-1936)

Yini umnikelo ekutadisheni ephakeme nomsebenzi sezinzwa ososayensi bethu, izazi zezinto eziphilayo futhi abakutholile? Eyokuqala Russian owathola uMklomelo KaNobel imithi isibe Pavlov Ivan Petrovich ngomsebenzi wakhe phezu physiology ukugaya. Isikhova i-great sezinto eziphilayo Russian futhi physiologist, wayengu- mdali isayensi umsebenzi ephakeme sezinzwa. Wethula nomqondo unconditioned futhi elisheshayo moya.

Kwafika Usosayensi othile emndenini wabapristi, futhi wathola iziqu Ryazan Theological Seminary. Kodwa ngonyaka odlule Ngafunda incwadi I. M. Sechenova ku ikhaliphe ubuchopho futhi waba nesithakazelo biology nemithi. Watadisha zomzimba lezilwane Petersburg University. Pavlov besebenzisa amasu kuhlinzwa engu-10 wafunda ngokuningiliziwe physiology ukugaya kanye lezi zifundo bathola uMklomelo KaNobel. Esinye isici esibangela isithakazelo kwaba umsebenzi ephakeme sezinzwa, isifundo zazo wayehumusha engu-35 ubudala. Wethula nemiqondo eyisisekelo sciences zokuziphatha - bese okunemibandela ikhaliphe olungenamkhawulo ukuqinisa.

Koltsov NK (1872-1940)

Iqhubeka isihloko "izazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo Domestic futhi abakutholile." Nikolay Konstantinovich Koltsov - Isazi sezinto eziphilayo, umsunguli we-School of Biology kokulinganisa. Wazalelwa accountant umndeni. Wathweswa iziqu eMoscow University, lapho afundela khona anatomy eqhathanisa Embryology, ukuqoqa idatha yesayensi laboratories European. Eyayihlelwe Laboratory Biology kokulinganisa ngesikhathi Yabantu University Shanyavsky.

Ngatadisha Biophysics amaseli, ezinquma ukuthi ezakheke ngayo. Le misebenzi zifakwe isayensi ngokuthi "Koltsov isimiso". Koltsov - ongomunye wabasunguli zofuzo eRussia, umhleli we-laboratories kuqala futhi uMnyango Biology kokulinganisa. Usosayensi eyasungulwa esiteshini ezintathu begazi. Waba Usosayensi wokuqala Russian ababesebenzisa izindlela ngokomzimba futhi amakhemikhali ocwaningweni begazi.

KA Timiryazev (1843-1920)

ososayensi Russian, izazi zezinto eziphilayo futhi abakutholile emkhakheni isitshalo zomzimba nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni elisekela yesayensi kwenhlabathi. Timiryazev Kliment Arkadevich kwaba yemvelo usosayensi, ongumcwaningi umgqugquzeli imibono photosynthesis zikaDarwin. Kwafika Usosayensi othile emndenini ezihloniphekayo, wathola iziqu University Petersburg.

Timiryazev wafunda umbuzo isitshalo umsoco, inqubo ye-photosynthesis, isomiso ukumelana. Ososayensi isayensi hhayi kuphela okumsulwa, kodwa futhi enamathiselwe kakhulu ngokoqobo ucwaningo. Ubephethe insimu abanolwazi, eyayintula ezihlukahlukene umquba eqoshiwe umthelela wabo isivuno. Ngenxa yalolu cwaningo, ezolimo iye yathuthuka kakhulu endleleni ukuqiniswa.

Michurin IV (1855-1935)

Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ezikholelwa Russian futhi abakutholile kwaba nethonya eliphawulekayo kwezolimo kanye ukulima. Ivan Vladimirovich Michurin - Isazi sezinto eziphilayo kanye umfuyi ezaziwayo. okhokho bakhe emkhunjini nezicukuthwane zendawo ezincane, basuke bamukela usosayensi nesithakazelo ingadi. Ekuqaleni kuka ebuntwaneni, anakekela inkonzo engadini, izihlahla eziningi eyayihunyushwe zigonywe uyise, umkhulu ukhokho. umsebenzi Ukukhethwa Michurin waqala wagijima ku mansion aqashiwe. Phakathi nomsebenzi alethwe ezingaphezu kuka-300 zezitshalo kutshalwa, kuhlanganise nalezo ingashintshwa ukuze indawo emaphakathi kwezimiso Russia.

Tikhomirov AA (1850-1931)

ososayensi Russian, izazi zezinto eziphilayo futhi abakutholile baye basiza ekuhlakuleleni iziqondiso ezintsha kwezolimo. Aleksandr Andreevich Tihomirov - sesayensi, udokotela wesayensi yezilwane kanye Umphathi eMoscow State University. Petersburg University, wathola iziqu zomthetho wakhe, kodwa baba nesithakazelo emsebenzini biology futhi wathola besigaba sesibili eMoscow University eMnyangweni natural sciences. Ososayensi baye bathola lo mkhuba parthenogenesis yokufakelwa, omunye izigaba ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni ngabanye. Wenza umnikelo omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni sericulture.

-IM Sechenov (1829-1905)

Isihloko "ososayensi abaziwayo, izazi zezinto eziphilayo futhi abakutholile" kuyohlale kuntula uma ngingenaye kukhulunywa Ivana Mihaylovicha Sechenova. Lona abadumile Russian yokuziphendukela kwemvelo isazi sezinto eziphilayo, physiologist futhi uthisha. Wazalelwa umninindawo umndeni, wafundiswa ngesikhathi Main School of Engineering futhi University of eMoscow.

Ososayensi behlola ngobuchopho wathola isikhungo, okubangela imiphumela okusithiyayo we isimiso sezinzwa esiyinhloko, ubuchopho ikufakazele ku ukunyakaza kwemisipha. Wabhala umsebenzi zakudala "Ikhaliphe of the Brain", lapho zavela umqondo wokuthi izenzo abazi futhi equlekile sizibophezele ngesimo ikhaliphe. Ngakhipha kobuchopho ikhompyutha, olawula zonke izinqubo ezibalulekile. Wathethelela umsebenzi zokuphefumula kwegazi. Usosayensi idale Russian zomzimba esikoleni.

DI Ivanovsky (1864-1920)

Ukuphela XIX - ekuqaleni XX leminyaka - ngesikhathi lapho wasebenza izazi zezinto eziphilayo ezinkulu Russian. Futhi abakutholile (ithebula imuphi usayizi ayikwazanga ukulingana uhlu lwabo) nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni wezokwelapha nasemkhakheni wezindlela biology. Phakathi kwabo Dmitriy Iosifovich Ivanovsky - physiologist, sezinto ezincane kakhulu eziphilayo kanye umsunguli we Virology. Wafundiswa Petersburg University. Ngisho phakathi nesifundo babonisa isithakazelo izifo isitshalo.

Ososayensi baye basikisela ukuthi izifo ezibangelwa amagciwane amancane noma ubuthi. Amagciwane ngokwabo babone nge-microscope-electron, eminyakeni engu-50 kamuva. Kuthathwa ngukhokho Ivanovsky Virology njengoba isayensi. Ososayensi basafunda inqubo ukuvutshelwa utshwala kanye nomthelela ke we-chlorophyll nomoya-mpilo, anatomy zezitshalo, inhlabathi microbiology.

Four-SS (1880-1959)

Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ezikholelwa Russian futhi abakutholile baye nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni isayensi yezakhi zofuzo. Chetverikov Sergey Sergeevich wazalelwa emkhayeni usosayensi Umnikazi wefemu, fundiswa University of eMoscow. Lena zofuzo evelele kwemvelo, owahlela ekutadisheni ufuzo isilwane imiphakathi. Ngenxa yalolu cwaningo, abacwaningi kubhekwa umsunguli zofuzo kwemvelo. Wabeka isisekelo isiyalo entsha - nofuzo kwabangaphezu imiphakathi.

Ufunde isihloko esithi "eyaziwa Russian ososayensi, izazi zezinto eziphilayo futhi abakutholile." Ithebula impumelelo yabo zingenziwa ngesisekelo okokusebenza ezihlongozwayo.