Izikhombisi-main yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ukuvela zezitshalo nezilwane

Umsuka wokuphila kanye nentuthuko yayo kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo wadida ososayensi. Abantu ngazama njalo uxhumana izimfihlakalo, ukwenza umhlaba, kuyaqondakala kanjeyana futhi esivikelekile. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka wabusa iphuzu Ngenxa ngomsunguli waphezulu Umkhathi nokuphila. Imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi won endaweni udumo ezinkulu izinguqulo kungenzeka kakhulu kwazo zonke izinto eziphila kule planethi muva. Izinhlinzeko main owasungulwa uCharles Darwin phakathi kwekhulu XIX. Ikhulu eyalandela wanika emhlabeni eziningi eziye zatholwa izakhi, kuhlanganise biology, okwenza bakwazi ukufakazela ubuqiniso imfundiso kaDarwin, ukwandisa it, ngokuhlanganiswa idatha entsha. Ngakho umbono zokwenziwa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. It sathatha bonke imibono wamazwe odumile futhi imiphumela ucwaningo lwesayensi ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene kusukela zofuzo esimisweni semvelo.

Kusukela abantu ekilasini

kwemvelo limelela kwemvelo zomlando eziphilayo esekelwe esiyingqayizivele zofuzo Imininingwane inqubo ukusebenza ezimweni ezithile.

Esigabeni sokuqala ukuguqulwa, ekugcineni okuholela ukuvela uhlobo olusha - kuyinto microevolution. Izinguquko ezinjalo, ngakho buthelela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi bese bagcina ukwakha ezingeni elisha eliphakeme yenhlangano nezidalwa eziphilayo, uhlobo lwe, umndeni, ekilasini. Ezemfundo Supra-izakhiwo abizwa ngokuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo.

izinqubo ezifanayo

Bobabili amazinga ngokuyisisekelo ukugeleza efanayo. Amabutho ukushayela futhi micro- futhi makroizmeneny kukhona kwemvelo, ekuhlukanisweni nabantu bakaJehova, ufuzo, ukushintshashintsha. Umehluko ebalulekile phakathi izinqubo ezimbili wukuthi phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene kuyinto Ukunqamula cishe akunakwenzeka. Ngenxa yalokho, ngesisekelo kwemvelo kuyinto Ukukhetha interspecific. Microevolution umnikelo omkhulu okwenza exchange mahhala ukwaziswa kwezakhi zofuzo phakathi kwabantu zohlobo olulodwa.

Kuhlangane kanye kwehlukana izici

Izikhombisi-main yokuziphendukela kwemvelo singenzeka ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. umthombo onamandla ezihlukahlukene zokuphila - isibonakaliso kwehlukana. Isebenza ngaphakathi kwezinhlobo ezithile, futhi emazingeni aphezulu kwenhlangano. izimo zemvelo kwemvelo kuholela ukwehlukana elinye iqembu izici ezimbili noma ngaphezulu ezahlukene othize. kungenziwa Ezingeni zinhlobo kwehlukana emuva. Kulokhu, imiphakathi elalisanda kumiswa ihlangana zibe munye. Emazingeni aphezulu, inqubo awushintsheki.

Olunye uhlobo - kwemvelo phyletic, okusikisela zinhlobo ukuguqulwa ngaphandle ngabodwa ngaphakathi sabantu ngabanye. Iqembu ngalinye elisha uyinzalo ngukhokho odlule futhi okwalandela.

neqhaza elikhulu esivumelwaneni ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zokuphila futhi kwenza Kuhlangana noma "Kuhlangana" izici. Ngo inqubo ukuvela kwamaqembu engahlobene eziphilayo ngaphansi kwethonya kwezimo ezifanayo zemvelo, imizimba efana kwakheka ngabanye. Sinenkosi isakhiwo esifanayo, kodwa umsuka ezahlukene futhi enze cishe umsebenzi ofanayo.

Ngu tekuhlangana kuyinto impindamqondo eduze kakhulu - yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, lapho iqembu yasekuqaleni diverging eba ngendlela efanayo ngaphansi kwethonya kwezimo ezifanayo. Kuhlangana bese impindamqondo uhlukanisa umugqa sasivumela esihle, futhi ngokuvamile kuba nzima ukuba kuthiwe ukuvela eqenjini elithile eziphawula izinto eziphilayo ukuze ngandlela-thile.

intuthuko yemvelo

Izikhombisi-main yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yasungulwa eyokuqala ngemisebenzi AN Severtsova. Wathembisa ukunikeza nomqondo intuthuko begazi. Ngemisebenzi usosayensi ubeka izindlela ukuwufinyelela, kanye izindlela eziyinhloko futhi izinkomba yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Imibono athuthukile Severtsova II Shmal'gauzen.

Izikhombisi-main yokuziphendukela kwemvelo zezwe organic, ahlukaniswe ososayensi - inqubekela phambili begazi, ekuhlehleni futhi njengoba sinjalo. Zezihloko kulula ukuqonda ukuthi lezi izinqubo ihluke nomunye. Inqubekela kuholela ekwakhekeni izici ezintsha ukwandisa ngezinga okuzivumelanisa imvelo. Regression lubonakaliswa ukunciphisa usayizi iqembu futhi ukwehlukana kwayo, okuholela ekugcineni ukushabalala. Ukuqina kuhilela ukwenza indlela yokuphepha izici abeyizuzile futhi ukudluliswa yabo ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane ngendlela izimo kuqhathaniswa ezingaguquki.

Ngomqondo iyincane, elisho imigca kwemvelo organic, usikisela intuthuko begazi futhi izinhlobo zawo.

Kukhona izindlela ezintathu eziyinhloko ukufeza intuthuko ababazalayo:

• arogenez;
• allogenez;
• katagenesis.

arogenez

Le nqubo yenza kube lula ukwandisa ezingeni jikelele wenhlangano ngenxa kumiswa aromorphosis. Sinikeza ukuthola lokho okushiwo yilo eside. Ngakho, aromorphosis - isiqondiso kwemvelo okuholela ushintsho qualitative eziphilayo, ephelezelwa eyinkimbinkimbi ezandayo nokukhuphula izakhiwo oluhambelana. Ngenxa yezinguquko isakhiwo kuba ukusebenza babubukhulu ngokwengeziwe abantu, bayakwazi ukusebenzisa, izinsiza ezintsha ngaphambilini untapped. Ngenxa yalokho, izinto eziphilayo kukhona ngomqondo othile khulula kusuka zezemvelo. Ngezinye ezingeni eliphakeme inhlangano ezincwadini zabo abangazazi jikelele, akunika ikhono ukuthuthukisa ngokuzimela izimo kuma.

Esihle Ngokwesibonelo aromorphosis ukuguqula isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi yezilwane ezinomgogodla: ukuvela emakamelweni emine inhliziyo nokuhlukaniswa amabili ukuzungeza - ezinkulu nezincane. Evolution of izitshalo libhekene eqa abalulekile phambili ngenxa ukwakheka tube impova kanye imbewu. Aromorphoses kuholele ukuvela amayunithi taxonomic entsha: amakilasi, neminyango, izinhlobo futhi le mikhakha.

Aromorphosis at Severtsov iyisici ayeyivelakancane kwemvelo. Uphawula intuthuko morphophysiological, okuyinto yena, omula inqubekela phambili jikelele begazi, ephelezelwa ukwanda okuphawulekayo we zone oluhambelana.

aromorphosis nomphakathi

Uma ucabangela isiqondiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye ukuphila kohlanga lwesintu, abanye ososayensi sethule welithi "aromorphosis nomphakathi". Basuke esiqokiwe izinguquko jikelele ekuthuthukisweni eziphilayo nomphakathi kanye nezinhlelo zabo, okuholela eyinkimbinkimbi, nezimo mkhulu futhi ukwandisa imiphakathi mutual. Isibalo aromorphoses enjalo ifaka phakathi, isibonelo, ukuvela isimo, umsebenzi wokunyathelisa nokuthutha computer nobuchwepheshe.

allogenez

Izinguquko mancane eyakheke kanye nesimo somhlaba jikelele sendlela inkambo intuthuko begazi. Ziyakwazi okushiwo allogenez. Kulesi isiqondiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo (bheka ithebula ngezansi) kukhona Ngokuphambene elisemqoka kuya aromorphosis. Akukona ukwandisa ezingeni inhlangano. Umphumela eyinhloko allogenez - ke idioadaptation. Eqinisweni, limelela ushintsho ngokwengxenye, ngenxa okuyinto umzimba ibhalwe ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezithile. Lo mugqa yokuziphendukela kwemvelo organic kwenza kwezinto ezifanayo bahlala ezindaweni ezahlukene kakhulu kwendawo.

Yashaya isibonelo inqubo enjalo - umndeni kwezimpisi. zinhlobo zayo zitholakala sezulu esishintshashintshayo ahlukahlukene. Inkonde ngayinye ifakwe umshini isethi ezithile ezincwadini letitfolakala endzaweni yabo, kuyilapho nawe ungalushayi kakhulu esingeqile yanoma iluphi uhlobo inhlangano ezingeni.

Ososayensi ukuhlonza izinhlobo eziningana idioadaptatsy:

• ifomu (isb, a ovikelekile umzimba Waterfowl);
• umbala (lapha libhekisela kulingisa, zokuvimbela futhi coloration zokuzivikela) ;
• zizalela;
• ku ukunyakaza (ulwelwesi Waterfowl, izinyoni kwesikhwama somoya);
• lithathelwe zezemvelo.

Umehluko aromorphosis futhi idioadaptation

Abanye ososayensi ungavumelani Severtsov futhi ungaziboni esanele sokuba evelela idioadaptatsy futhi aromorphoses. Bakholelwa ukuthi ngezinga elingakanani intuthuko kungahlolwa kuphela ngemva isikhathi eside ngemuva kokushintshwa kwenzeka. Eqinisweni kunzima ukuqaphela lokho izinqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuholele izinga entsha noma ikhono athuthukile.

Severtsova abalandeli esithambekele ukucabanga ukuthi kufanele kuqondwe idioadaptatsy uguqule komzimba, ukukhula ngokweqile noma ukunciphisa izindikimba. Aromorphoses futhi bamele izinguquko eziphawulekayo ukuthuthukiswa embryonic ne kumiswa izakhiwo ezintsha.

catagenesis

kwemvelo singenzeka kanye yokuncishiswa isakhiwo eziphilayo. Nokuvuthwa - inani ukonakala inqubo eholela ukwehla enhlanganweni eziphilayo. Umphumela esemqoka yalolu isiqondiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo (Ithebula nokumadanisa izindlela ezintathu ezibalwe ngezansi) kuyinto ukuvela okuthiwa katamorfozov bakudala noma izimpawu ukuthi ukususwa elahlekile ezithuthukayo. Izibonelo zezinto eziphilayo abadlule isinyathelo ukonakala ezivamile, kungenzeka iyiphi amagciwane. Ngokwengxenye enkulu, baze balahlekelwe ikhono ukunyakaza ezimele, bona amasistimu sezinzwa futhi kwegazi kwaba lula kakhulu. Kodwa kukhona amadivayisi ahlukahlukene kwetfulwa lokuncono emzimbeni umninikhaya kanye okunamathiselwe kuziphathimandla ezifanele.

isilinganiso

Izikhombisi-main ukuziphendukela kwemvelo oxhumene futhi ngokuhamba izenzakalo ezingokomlando njalo esikhundleni nomunye. Ngemva izinguquko ezinqala esikhathini aromorphosis ifomu noma ukonakala ngesikhathi lapho iqembu ezintsha zezinto eziphilayo kuqala ukuba delaminate ngenxa ukuthuthukiswa yezingxenye zayo ehlukile ezindaweni ezahlukene womhlaba. Evolution uqala ngokuchaza izinhlupheko idioadaptatsy. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, izinguquko zanqwabelana kuholele eqa entsha qualitative.

I isiqondiso ukuvela izitshalo

flora Modern ngeke lubonakale. Njengazo zonke izinto eziphilayo, siphasise elide yentuthuko. Evolution of izitshalo kuhlanganisiwe yokufuna aromorphoses ezibalulekile eziningana. Eyokuqala yalezi kwaba ukuvela photosynthesis ukuthi avunyelwe eziphilayo bakudala zisebenzisa amandla elangeni. Kancane kancane, ngenxa yezinguquko morphology futhi izakhiwo kwamapulazi iyiphi ulwelwe.

Isinyathelo esilandelayo kwaba ukuthuthukiswa komhlaba. Ukuze kokuphothula "umsebenzi" wathatha omunye aromorphosis - kwamangqamuzana kwezicubu. wona Wavela, izitshalo spore. Nezinkinga nakakhulu inhlangano ngenxa inqubo ukuguqulwa nezindlela zokukhiqiza kabusha. Aromorphoses ezifana ovule, impova okusanhlamvu, futhi ekugcineni imbewu libhekene gymnosperms, evolutionarily eliphezulu kakhulu kunakwamanye spore.

Ngokulandelayo, indlela nesiqondiso ukuvela izitshalo liyasondela lithathelwe enkulu ukuba zezemvelo, okwandisa ukumelana izici ezingezinhle. Ngenxa kwavela pestle futhi lwegciwane ungqimba kwakhiwa nezitshalo eziqhakazayo, noma angiosperms, namhlanje esimweni intuthuko begazi.

kwezilwane

Evolution eukaryotes (cell eukaryotic yakhiwa core ehlotshisiwe) nge hlobo heterotrophic ugesi (ungakhi heterotrophs engokwemvelo nge chemo- noma inqubo ye-photosynthesis) futhi kusaqalwa kwezicubu kwamangqamuzana ephelezelwa. Coelenterates ifa ngomunye wabokuqala abalulekile aromorphoses kwemvelo izilwane: e-embryo akhiwa izingqimba ezimbili, ecto- futhi endoderm. Ngesikhathi round futhi izimpethu flat isakhiwo luyindida. Basuke izimpawu wesithathu leaf embryonic, le-mesoderm. Aromorphosis Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuze aqhube kwamangqamuzana kwezicubu kanye nezinhlaka ukubukeka.

Esigabeni esilandelayo - kumiswa umgodi umzimba yesibili futhi eminye sokuhlukanisa izigaba. Annelids usuvele unayo parapodium (uhlobo bakudala vele) kanye izinhlelo kwegazi futhi zokuphefumula. Ukuguqula parapodial e nemilenze jointed namanye izinguquko kuye kwaholela ukuvela uhlobo eyisinambuzane. Ngemva kokukhululwa kwabo lezi zinambuzane waqala ngenkuthalo ukuthuthukisa phezu kwezwe ngenxa ukuvela ulwelwesi sombungu. Namuhla basuke kakhulu ngiyijwayele impilo ezweni.

aromorphoses okunjalo enkulu njengoba ukwakha kuzithinta neural tube, le-aorta besisu futhi inhliziyo, abaye balilungiselela ukuvela uhlobo chordates. Ngenxa izinguquko eziningi lesichubekako ukuhlukahluka eziphilayo, kulekelelwa izinhlanzi, izilwane ezihuquzelayo kanye amniotes. Kwakamuva ngenxa ulwelwesi embryonic eside incike amanzi kwesokunxele ukuze ome umhlaba.

Ngaphezu kwalokho kwemvelo liyasondela ekuguquleni isimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi. Kunezilwane esinegazi elifudumele. Eziguquliwe indiza kwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukuvela izinyoni. Aromorphoses ezifana inhliziyo emine chambered futhi ukunyamalala ilungelo lwaleli yomthambo i-aorta, ukwanda forebrain ama- futhi cortex ukuthuthukiswa, ukwakheka elingenamikhono futhi nezindlala mammary futhi izinguquko eziningi ziye zaholela ukuvela ezincelisayo. Phakathi kwabo elavelela ukuvela izilwane esinomhlapho, futhi namuhla in a state of intuthuko begazi.

Direction yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye ukuphila kohlanga lwesintu

Umbuzo ngemvelaphi kanye kwemvelo okhokho abantu yesimanje wafunda kuze kahle. Ngenxa nalokho okutholwe paleontology nofuzo ngokuqhathanisa zishintshile imibono usumisiwe yethu "uhlu lozalo." iminyaka engu-15 edlule-ke predominated umbono wokuthi ukuziphendukela hominids wahambisana uhlobo lwento, okusho ehlanganisa ukulandelana amafomu esithuthuke kabanzana ngokulandelana: Australopithecus, Homo habilis archanthropines, Neanderthal (paleanthropic) neanthropines (indoda yesimanje). Izikhombisi eyinhloko ukuvela indoda, njengoba kunjalo nezinye izinto eziphilayo, kwaholela ekwakhekeni ezincwadini ezintsha, futhi lokhu kuphakamisa inhlangano.

Nokho, idatha etholwe kule minyaka 10-15 iminyaka, baye balungisa izimo zabo ezinkulu esithombeni osuvele ukhona. uyathola okusha ukuphola elicwengiweyo kusikisela ukuthi imfundiso yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwakuyiyona eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe. Subfamily Homininae (libhekisela ozala hominids) wazibonakalisa aqukethe zinhlobo cishe kabili njengoba ningi kunalokho okwake kwacatshangwa. Evolution kwaba ungagqokile uhlamvu yomugqa, futhi equkethwe eziningana kanyekanye ukuthuthukisa imigqa noma amagatsha, enenqubekela phambili futhi kwangqingetshe. Ngezinye izikhathi ezahlukene Bahlala futhi izinhlobo ezintathu noma ezine noma ngaphezulu. lokhu ukuvaleka ukwehluka kwakubangelwa ukufuduka amaqembu evolutionarily okuthuthukile zabanye, kancane athuthukile. Isibonelo, kwamukelwa ngokuvamile ukuthi AmaNeanderthal futhi abantu yesimanje wahlala ngesikhathi esifanayo. Okokuqala kwakufanele okhokho bethu, kodwa igatsha parallel, owathatha ngemva abameleli eziphambili ngaphezulu hominin.

zinguquko zokuthuthukisa

Ngokungangabazeki ahlale aromorphoses main ezaholela ukuchuma subfamily. Lokhu ukuma aqonde nokwanda ebuchosheni. Izizathu ukwakheka ososayensi lokuqala ungavumelani. Kwaphela isikhathi eside kwakucatshangwa ukuthi kwaba nesilinganiso esifanele, kudingeka sokuthuthukiswa ezivulekile. Kodwa, idatha yamuva zibonisa ukuthi okhokho babantu wahamba ngezinyawo ezimbili esikhathini wokuphila izihlahla. Lo ikhono kuzo ngokushesha ngemva ukuhlukana emgqeni yenkawu. Kokunye nguqulo ye hominin ekuqaleni wathutha efana orangutan yesimanje, emi ngezinyawo zombili egatsheni elifanayo futhi ukubambana ngezandla ngakolunye.

ukukhula kwengqondo okwenzeka ngezigaba eziningana. Eqala babe we-Homo habilis (Homo habilis), owafunda ukwenza amathuluzi elula. Kukhula ivolumu ubuchopho kwaqondana ukwanda inani inyama ekudleni hominin. Habilis ngokusobala base scavengers. Ukulandela ukwanda kobuchopho liphinde ephelezelwa ukwanda isibalo ukudla isilwane futhi Izindawo wawobaba ngaphesheya bomdabu yezwekazi lase-Afrika. Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi ukwanda Ingxenye inyama ekudleni lihlotshaniswa isidingo ubuyise izindleko energy, kokushiya selilungiswa zobuchopho anda. Kucatshangwa ukuthi esigabeni esilandelayo kule nqubo kwaqondana ukuthuthukiswa umlilo: epheka ukudla akuyona izinga kuphela, kodwa futhi kilojoule, ngaphezu, kakhulu ziyancipha isikhathi adingekayo nut.

Izikhombisi-main yokuziphendukela kwemvelo zezwe organic, wenza amakhulu eminyaka, kwakheka izitshalo yesimanje kanye nezilwane. Movement ngase inqubo lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezishintshashintshayo kwemvelo kwaholela ezihlukahlukene omkhulu eziphilayo. Izikhombisi-main yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ziyafana kuwo wonke amazinga kwenhlangano, njengoba kufakazelwa idatha biology, indalo kanye zofuzo.