Ukuthuthukiswa Astronautics. Umlando ukuthuthukiswa cosmonautics eRussia

Umlando yentuthuko isikhala - indaba ngomqondo ongaphezu kovamile nabantu, isifiso ukuqonda imithetho yonke futhi isifiso ezedlula evamile futhi kungenzeka. Ukuhlola umkhathi, eqale e-leminyaka elidlule, wanika emhlabeni eziningi eziye zatholwa. Zithinta kokubili sites imithala ekude, nezinqubo ngempela eliwumhlaba. ukuthuthukiswa Space ukunyusele ngcono ubuchwepheshe kuye kwaholela nokwatholakala in emikhakheni ehlukahlukene, kusukela physics emkhakheni wezokwelapha. Nokho, le nqubo wathatha isikhathi eside.

umsebenzi elahlekile

Ukuthuthukiswa Astronautics eRussia nakwamanye amazwe, wayeseke waphila iminyaka eminingi ngaphambi mkhathi kuqala. Ucwaningo lokuqala yesayensi kule ndaba kwakufanele theory kuphela, futhi bathethelele kungenzeka ukuya emkhathini. Ezweni lethu, elinye lamaphayona ka Astronautics emaphethelweni esibayeni kwaba Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky. "Omunye" - ngoba wayekhona kuqala Nikolay Ivanovich Kibalchich, isigwebo sentambo ngokuba kokubulawa u-Alexander II, futhi izinsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi apharathasi ukulengiswa ukuthuthukisa iphrojekthi ukuthi kungaletha indoda emkhathini. Kwaba ngo 1881, kodwa Kibalchicha iphrojekthi alishicilelwanga kuze 1918.

uthisha yasemakhaya

Tsiolkovsky, ogama sihloko lezisekelo ezincwadini indiza emkhathini wafika ngo-1903, babengazi ukuthi mayelana Kibalchicha. Ngaleso sikhathi, efundisa Kaluga College izibalo futhi geometry. Isihloko wakhe wodumo yesayensi "Ukuphenywa yangaphandle isikhala rocket zikagesi" lwaveza kungenzeka ngokusebenzisa nangomcibisholo emkhathini. Ukuthuthukiswa Astronautics eRussia ke namanje yasebukhosini, waqala Tsiolkovsky. Inkulumo yakhe yayinesihloko design rocket isakhiwo, uyakwazi ukuba baphathe indoda ukuba izinkanyezi, walivikela umqondo ezihlukahlukene zokuphila endaweni yonke, wakhuluma ngesidingo wokwakha iziphuphutheki yokufakelwa kanye iziteshi isikhala.

Ngo parallel, lo Astronautics theory ithuthukiswe phesheya. Nokho, exhumanisa phakathi kwabacwaningi noma ekuqaleni kwekhulu, noma kamuva, ngo-30s, cishe wayengekho. Robert Goddard, uHermann Oberth, futhi Esnault-Pelterie, i-American, a German kanye waseFrance ngokulandelana, wasebenza ezindabeni ezifanayo isikhathi eside wayengazi lutho ngomsebenzi Tsiolkovsky. Ngisho nangaleso sikhathi, uqhekeko izizwe ukuba nomthelela ijubane imboni entsha.

iminyaka Oku-impi futhi ngokuthi yiMpi Enkulu Yobuzwe

Kutfutfukiswa Space waqhubeka 20-40-yalolucwaningo zamabutho we negesi Dynamics Laboratory kanye Jet Propulsion Research Group, kulandele Jet Research Institute. Ngaphakathi kwezindonga izikhungo zezemfundo wasebenza engcono ubunjiniyela izingqondo kuleli zwe, kuhlanganise F. A. Tsander, M. K. Tihonravov kanye SP Korolev. Laboratories ukusebenza ukuthuthukisa imishini lokuqala ibhanoyi zokubasa liquid okuqinile, ithuthukiswe ngesisekelo ezincwadini Astronautics.

Eminyakeni pre-impi futhi phakathi neMpi Yezwe II futhi ekuklameni nasekwakheni jet izinjini kanye rocket izindiza. Phakathi nale nkathi, ngenxa yezizathu ezisobala, ukunaka kakhulu sakhokhwa ukuthuthukiswa cruise ezicitshwayo namarokhethi unguided.

Queens futhi "V2"

Eyokuqala emlandweni yezikhali ezicitshwayo lempi uhlobo yesimanje wadala eJalimane phakathi nempi iphansi kwesandla sika-Werner von Braun. Khona-ke V-2, noma "V-2" yabangela izinkinga. Ngemva kokunqotshwa eJalimane, von Braun uyiswa Melika, lapho zaqala imiklamo emisha, kuhlanganise ukuthuthukiswa lwamarokhethi indiza emkhathini.

Ngo-1945, ngemva kwempi e-Germany ukutadisha "V-2" ufikile iqembu onjiniyela Soviet. Phakathi kwazo kwakukhona Queens. Wamiswa kunjiniyela omkhulu umqondisi lobuchwepheshe walesi sikhungo "Nordhausen", kwakheka eJalimane ngawo lowo nyaka. Akagcinanga ngokufundela rocket isiJalimane, Korolev nozakwabo wahlanganyela ukuthuthukiswa amaphrojekthi amasha. Ngo-50 design ehhovisi ngaphansi kwesandla sakhe wadala R-7. Lokhu rocket ezimbili isigaba wakwazi ukuthuthukisa ngowokuqala isivinini isikhala nokuqinisekisa okukhiphayo ongaphakeme-Earth orbit multi-ton izimoto.

Izigaba ukuthuthukiswa Astronautics

Buhle baseMelika ekulungiseleleni zezimoto ukuhlola umkhathi ezihlobene nomsebenzi von Braun, kwesokunxele esikhathini esidlule, uma Okthoba 4, 1957 iSoviet Union yaqala satellite kuqala. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kwahamba ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo Astronautics. Esikhathini-yalolucwaningo 50-60 olwenziwa ucwaningo eziningana nezilwane. Emkhathini, izinja nezinkawu wavakashela. Ngenxa yalokho, ososayensi baye baqoqa ulwazi eliyigugu ukwenza kungenzeka ukuhlala ukhululekile emkhathini lomuntu siqu. Ekuqaleni kuka-1959 kuso bakwazi ukufika yokuphunyuka velocity.

Ukuthuthukiswa eziseqophelweni cosmonautics Russian sesamukelwe emhlabeni wonke, lapho izulu wadliswa ushevu Yuri Gagarin. Kwathatha ke, ngaphandle ihaba, umcimbi omkhulu ngo-April 12 ngonyaka 1961. Kusukela ngalolo suku waqala Ukungena babantu expanses enkulu ezungeze ukuba Earth.

ukuqhubeka Astronautics kwakuhambisana nezinga ngcono amakhono obuchwepheshe bese udala ezenza esengeziwe osomkhathi. Phawula izigaba eziyinhloko yenqubo:

• Okthoba 12, 1964 - ku-orbit alethwe umshini nabantu eziningana ebhodini (USSR);
• Mashi 18, 1965 - ngowokuqala umuntu spacewalk (USSR);
• Februwari 3, 1966 - ukufika kuqala enyangeni apharathasi (USSR);
• Disemba 24, 1968 - esiphethweni lokuqala inabasebenzi mkhathi ukuzungeza Earth satellite (USA);
• Julayi 20, 1969 - usuku ukufika lokuqala abantu the Moon (USA);
• April 19, 1971 - kuqala umkhankaso ozungeza emkhathini (USSR);
• Julayi 17, 1975 - okokuqala kwakukhona iboshiwe imikhumbi emibili (amaSoviet nasemakamu American);
• April 12, 1981 - ngowokuqala "okomkhathi" (US) uye emkhathini.

Ukuthuthukiswa Astronautics yesimanje

Namuhla, ukuhlola umkhathi eqhubeka. I impumelelo yesikhathi esidlule iye yathela izithelo - abantu baye bavakashela Moon futhi ilungiselela ukuqondisa ajwayelane Mars. Nokho, uhlelo andize manje imiklamo lincane othomathikhi esiteshini interplanetary. Isimo samanje ukuhlola umkhathi wukuthi imishini ekhiqizwa uyakwazi ethumela ukwaziswa Umhlaba mayelana Saturn elikude, uJupiter Pluto, Mercury ngisho khona ukuphenya emkhathini.
Parallel isikhala ezokuvakasha eba. ukubaluleka Elikhulu namuhla nabo emhlabeni jikelele. Umphakathi jikelele kancane kancane eza esiphethweni sokuthi ngempumelelo enkulu nokwatholakala zenzeka ngokushesha futhi ngokuvamile uma sihlanganise imizamo kanye amakhono emazweni ahlukahlukene.