Dwarfs Brown - izinkanyezi esimisweni sonozungezilanga: lokushisa, izithombe, amakilasi Spectral

Iba ethe xaxa kolwazi theory kanye namakhono obuchwepheshe yososayensi, okwatholwa ngaphezulu benza. Kwakubonakala ukuba sonke isikhala izinto aziwa futhi kuba kuphela kudingekile ukuchaza izici zabo. Nokho, yonke njalo uma uhlangabezana lo mbono isayensi yokuma kwezinto ezisemkhathini inikeza esinye isimanga kubo. Nokho, ngokuvamile, emisha enjalo wabikezela kwakuthiwa. Inani lezinto ezinjalo zihlanganisa dwarfs ensundu. Kuze 1995, zaba khona kuphela "enhlonhlweni of the esibayeni."

Ake jwayelana

Brown dwarfs - izinkanyezi kuyinto engavamile ngempela. Nokho, bonke nemingcele eziyisisekelo zabo ezahlukene kakhulu kusukela izici evamile kithi izinkanyezi, kukhona ukufana. ngqó, impendulo ingu oyisichwe brown - into substellar, ke ithatha isikhundla Lesisemkhatsini phakathi izinkanyiso langempela namaplanethi. Lezi emizimbeni isikhala abe mass elincane - kusuka 12,57 kuya 80,35 kusukela ipharamitha ohambelana Jupiter. Interiors zabo, kanye nezikhungo nezinye izinkanyezi, eyenziwa ukusabela iArmagedoni. Ngokungafani yemifino nsundu indima ezincane ngokweqile hydrogen enqubeni. Njengoba fuel isetshenziswa izinkanyezi ezinjalo deuterium, boron, lithium futhi beryllium. "Okokhelekayo" uphela kuqhathaniswa ngokushesha kanti into encane ensundu epholisa. Ngemva kokuphothulwa le nqubo, kuba iplanethi into. Ngakho, dwarfs brown - izinkanyezi, akasoze uthole ukulandelana esemqoka ye Hertzsprung-Russell idayagramu.

imihambima engabonakali

Lezi amaphuzu intshisekelo ngisho nezici ambalwa aphawulekayo. Bayazulazula izinkanyezi, asiphathelene nomunye Umthala. Kwakucatshangwa ukuthi lezi zindikimba cosmic ungakwazi igagasi yonke izigidi zeminyaka. Nokho, omunye esiphawuleka kunazo zonke izakhiwo zabo - ukungabikho pheze ephelele ngemisebe. Phawula into enjalo ngaphandle kokusebenzisa imishini ekhethekile akunakwenzeka. imishini Kufanele kusukela akhona kwakungafanele isikhathi esanele eside.

Ukuvulwa lokuqala

I-akhawunti esiqine ukukhanya dwarfs nsundu infrared esifundeni Spectral. Kuyaqhubeka ukuthungathwa iminonjana lawo ethwele impumelelo ngo-1995, lapho into yokuqala enjalo Teide 1. It kungokwalabo M8 ekilasini Spectral futhi itholakala ku cluster we-Pleiades wavulwa. Ngawo lowo nyaka, at ibanga 20 iminyaka ukukhanya eLangeni, kwatholakala omunye inkanyezi esinjalo, Gliese 229B. It lumayelana obomvu yemifino Gliese 229a. Okutholakele waqala ukulandela ngezindawo. Kuze kube manje, bangaphezu kuka-emakhulwini dwarfs ensundu.

umehluko

dwarfs Brown akulula ukubona ngenxa yokufana kwawo ku nemingcele ezahlukene amaplanethi nezinkanyezi kukhanya. Ngokusho engaba yayo besondela ngezindlela ezingafani ukuze Jupiter. Cishe inani elifanayo kule ipharamitha igcinwa lonke mass uhla dwarfs ensundu. Ezimweni ezinjalo, kuba nzima kakhulu ukuhlukanisa kubo kusukela iplanethi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, akuzona zonke dwarfs yalolu hlobo labo abazokwazi asekelayo Fusion ukusabela. I akhanya lezi (13 MJup) kubanda ukuze ekujuleni yabo ukuzilawula ngisho nangosizo lwezisebenzi izinqubo usebenzisa deuterium. Luhlelo lolukhulu lwa kakhulu ngokushesha kakhulu (esikalini bendawo yonke - iminyaka engu-10 million) cool futhi babe abakwazi ukugcina Fusion ukusabela. Ososayensi kufanele brown dwarfs umehluko ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko. Eyokuqala wabo - yokukala kwabantu. dwarfs Brown zinezikhathi cishe amagugu efanayo engaba nevolumu, ngakho umzimba elingaphandle mass 10 nangaphezulu Cishe Jupiter iphathelene kulolu hlobo lwento.

Eyesibili indlela - ukuthola X ray nakuma- amaza okushisa. Ukuba khona okufana nezici sigqamile inama bengayi kuphela yemifino ensundu, okuyinto lehla izinga lokushisa ezingeni kwamaplanethi (1000 K).

Indlela ihlukile emaphashini izinkanyezi

Khanyisa ngongqimba encane - enye into, okungase kube nzima ukuhlukanisa phakathi yemifino ensundu. Kuyini inkanyezi? Lokhu kubhayela Fusion, lapho kancane kancane ngashisa zonke izakhi ukukhanya. Omunye wabo - Lithium. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuleli yembathani izinkanyezi kakhulu, washeshe luphela. Ngakolunye - ukusabela ezihilela lokushisa iphansana liyadingeka. It kuvela ukuthi into imigca lithium e bohlu, cishe kungokwalabo ekilasini dwarfs ensundu. Le ndlela ilinganiselwe. Lithium ngokuvamile ekhona nomkhakha we izinkanyezi abasha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, dwarfs brown Basenkathini we yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane nengxenye iminyaka kutsi bakucedze konkhe izinsiza kwalesi sakhi.

Isici kungaba ne-methane. Ezigabeni yokugcina yokuphila umjikelezo brown yemifino - inkanyezi kabani lokushisa ikuvumela ukuba buthelela isamba umxhwele yalo. Okunye izibani ayikwazi kuphole phansi isimo esinjalo.

Ukuhlukanisa dwarfs ensundu izinkanyezi kulinganiswa nokukhanya. Lights dim ekupheleni ukhona. Dwarfs kuphole wonke "ekuphileni." Esikhathini sekugcina ziba mnyama kakhulu ngangokuthi ukudida nabo izinkanyezi engenakwenzeka.

Brown dwarfs: isigaba Spectral

Amazinga ebusweni izinto ezichazwe luyehluka kuye ngokuthi isisindo nobudala. Amanani engenzeka uhla kusukela kwamaplanethi kuya sici ekilasini enomoya ezinkanyezi M. Ngenxa yalezi zizathu, ensundu dwarfs ekuqaleni ezimbili uhlobo ezengeziwe Spectral kwabelwe - L noT Ngaphezu kubo, ngemcondvo khona ekilasini Y. Kuze kube manje, okuso kuqinisekisiwe . Ake sicabangele izici izinto ekilasini ngalinye.

ekilasini L

Izinkanyezi ehlobene nohlobo lokuqala ngenhla, sihluke abameleli ekilasini odlule M khona ukumuncwa bands hhayi kuphela vanadium futhi titanium oxide, kodwa hydrides metal. Kuyinto lesi sici amandla sibone isigaba esisha L. Futhi e nomkhakha we ezinye dwarfs brown okuqondene ke, wathola ulayini izinsimbi alikhali futhi iodine. Ngu-2005, 400 izikhungo ezinjengalezi avuleka.

ekilasini T

T-dwarfs zinezikhathi khona e imichilo eduze-infrared methane. izakhiwo ezifanayo ziye wake watholakala kuphela imidondoshiya igesi sonozungezilanga, kanye inyanga Saturn sika Titan. Ukuze bavale isikhala salo hydrides FeH futhi CRH, isici L-dwarfs, T-ikilasi ukuza izinsimbi alikhali ezifana sodium ne-potassium.

Ngokwe ezizathwini of ososayensi izinto ezifana kufanele ibe mass elincane - bengekho ngaphezu kwama-70 wt Jupiter. Brown T-dwarfs ngezindlela eziningi ezifanayo imidondoshiya igesi. Ejwayelekile lezi amabanga lokushisa kwamanzi kusuka 700 kuya 1300 K. Uma esikhathini lens ikhamera uzothola la dwarfs esinsundu, noma yini engathathwa izithombe sizobonisa umbala Pinkish-blue. Lo mphumela kungenxa umphumela sodium ne-potassium spectra futhi compounds yamangqamuzana ezinto eziphilayo.

ekilasini Y

ekilasini Kugcine Spectral isikhathi eside owawukhona kuphela theory. I lokushisa enjalo into ebusweni kufanele kube ngezansi 700 K, isb 400 ° C. Esikhathini uhla ebonakalayo ayikwazi ukutholwa kukhona dwarfs esinsundu (izithombe azisebenzi nhlobo).

Nokho, ngo-2011 i-American Astrophysics yamemezela kokutholakala eziningana zalokhu izinto abandayo nge lokushisa 300 500 K. Omunye wabo, EHLAKANIPHILE 1541-2250, itholakala at ibanga 13.7 light-years ukusuka elangeni. Esinye, J1828 EHLAKANIPHILE + 2650, elinesimo lokushisa ebusweni 25 ° C.

Double ilanga - oyisichwe esinsundu

Le ndaba ikhuluma njengoba ezithakazelisayo isikhala izinto kuyohlale kuntula uma ngingenaye kukhulunywa "Death Star." Ngakho ngokuthi ngombandela ekhona Sun uzakwabo, phezu ezizathwini of ezinye izazi zivumelana esilinganayo 50-100 amayunithi yezinkanyezi kude, ngalé ngefu i-Oort. Ngokusho akhona, into Kusolakala of umbhangqwana inkanyiso yethu futhi maqembu ngu Umhlaba njalo eminyakeni kwezigidi ezingu-26.

Umbono ihlobene kucatshangwa kwezazi uDavide Raup noJack Sepkoski ezithile mass Ukuphela nyá kwezinto eziphilayo eplanethini yethu. Wasikisela kwaba ngo-1984. Lonke umbono uwukuthi ngempela impikiswano, kodwa kukhona neziphakamiso umusa yayo.

"Death Star" - omunye izincazelo okungenzeka ukuqothulwa. i nokucabanga okunjalo ngesikhathi lasuka amaqembu amabili ahlukile zezinkanyezi. Ngokusho izibalo zabo, okumelwe ukuba ilanga ukuthutha double orbit side kakhulu. Lapho esondela inkanyiso yethu ke perturbs lezinkanyezi ezinomsila e inqwaba "ayehlala" le-Oort efwini. Ngenxa yalokho, inani elandayo lezisebenzi ukushayisana yabo ne-Earth, okuholela ekufeni umzimba.

"Death Star" noma Nemesis, iyiphi enye indlela-ke kubizwa ngokuthi, kungaba brown, olumhlophe noma olubomvu yemifino. Nokho, Kuze kube manje, efanelekayo izinto indima atholakele. Kukhona iziphakamiso ukuthi esifundeni Oort lwamafu engakaziwa kuze kube manje iplanethi enkulu, okuyinto kuba nethonya uzungeza lezinkanyezi ezinomsila. Lidonsa ice amabhlogo, avimbele ukungqubuzana zingenzeka Earth, okungukuthi, izenzo hhayi njengendlela yezinto "Death Star." Nokho, ubufakazi bokuba khona kule planethi Tyche (ie udade Nemesis) akanakho.

Brown dwarfs ukuba izazi zezinkanyezi - a izindawo empeleni esasisesisha. Imininingwane Kuningi okwengeziwe ngabo ukuba zitholwe nokuhlaziwa. Ngisho nanamuhla, kucatshangwa ukuthi la izinto be ngane of izinkanyezi abaningi abadumile. Ubunzima zocwaningo nokuthola dwarfs zalolu hlobo usethe ibha entsha ephezulu imishini yesayensi nokuqonda theory.