Amagciwane Live for esiswini: igama. Meaning of amagciwane ekuphileni kwebantfu

Iningi mancane futhi ezingabonakali ngeso lenyama, abakhileyo iplanethi yethu - kuyinto amagciwane angabonakali, isikhunta namagciwane. Iningi labo, lemali izigidigidi. indima yabo ngokwemvelo futhi ukuphila kwabantu ezahlukene, ukuhlolwa kuhluka omuhle ngokusebenzisa hlangothi kuya negative. Cabangela lokho abamele amagciwane baye bafunda ukuphila sisondelene eziphilayo womuntu, futhi kubaluleke kangakanani.

Ama-bacterium - eziphilayo

Lawa abakhileyo iplanethi kakhulu yasendulo eziphilayo owumphumela yobukhulu ezincane. eminyakeni 3.5 billion edlule - Kuyaziwa ukuthi isikhathi cishe nesenzakalo yabo kwaziwa. Kwaphela isikhathi eside ngaphandle kwabo akukho nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo eMhlabeni kwakungafanele. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho liqala inqubo okusheshayo khona ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi ukuphila kwaqala benu bukhule ngekwehlukahlukana kwalo.

Humanity uye wafunda okuningi mayelana amagciwane kuphela ekhulwini XVII, ngokusebenzisa imisebenzi Antoni van Leeuwenhoek. Wayekhipha yona le usosayensi yasungulwa ngowokuqala kokukhulisa, lapho ungase ubone alezi zilwanyana.

C uye zanqwabelana eside impahla theory, kuqinisekiswa ucwaningo esisebenzayo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Abantu baba ulwazi olutholakala sendlela ibukeke amagciwane, okuyinto babe isakhiwo, kuphethwa ukubaluleka amagciwane umuntfu lakhetsa kuphila ngato.

izici kwesakhiwo

Ngakho, kwaba sobala ukuthi ama-bacterium - a eziphilayo prokaryotic, okungukuthi, hhayi equkethe njengengxenye yezinyoni yayo ekhishwe kuyi-nucleus. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimpawu eziningi izici ezilandelayo ku phenotype kanye Sakhiwo sangekhatsi:

1. Ukuma komzimba zingahluka: eyindilinga (nendwangu), rodlike (imbewu eletha) ngesimo ezithelo zomvini (staphylococci), vibrio, spirillum, nabanye.
2. Kungase kube olulodwa, kodwa ngokuvamile idala lonke amakoloni.
3. Umbala ezimweni eziningi akudingeki, kodwa ezinye izinhlobo kungaba onsomi enhle noma oluhlaza. Ngokuvamile amakoloni ibala kwakubangelwa ukukhulula ku imvelo zombala ekhethekile.
4. Izinhlayiya eziyisisekelo zofuzo ngaphakathi kwengqamuzana iqukethe molecule ye-DNA ukuthi kwasakazwa maphakathi isakhiwo.
5. Le nhlangano yenkolo yokulwela esikhaleni ngezithukuthuku flagella, igesi vacuoles noma lwamafinyila capsule umzimba enamathela.
6. Ngaphandle umzimba imbozwe udonga cell kanye capsule, okuyinto ahlelwe ngaphansi zonke organelles cell.
7. izingxenye Bezakhiwe lamaseli ezifana nalezo ezitholakala isilwane, isitshalo izakhiwo. Izakhiwo kukhona carbohydrate noma lipid droplet inclusions ezisebenza amandla umsebenzi.
8. Kunalokho ku kuyi-nucleus yengqamuzana kuyinto nucleoid samanje ehlanganisa Strand DNA.

Empeleni ama-bacterium bukhoma kangaka ngisakwazi isakhiwo ezithakazelisayo. Indlela Yokuphila alawa magciwane zibizwa futhi evutha ilukuluku ososayensi emhlabeni wonke. Ngokusebenzisa umsebenzi wabo isintu siye samukela ukufinyelela ulwazi olusha ukuthi ngokungangabazeki Kumqoka kakhulu wonke umkhakha wezesayensi kanye nemikhakha yayo ngabanye. Ububanzi lesi sihloko ungavumeli ukuxoxa zonke lezi zinkinga kabanzi. Ngakho-ke, sizogxila kuphela umqondo jikelele la magciwane, nokugxila indima yabo futhi ukubaluleka ezimpilweni zethu.

Ukubona ukuphila esibangelwa amagciwane

Ngenxa unpretentiousness kungakholakali izimo zokuhlala, ama-bacterium bakwazi ukusakaza emhlabeni wonke. Ngenxa yalezi akuzona izithiyo noma kubanda, noma okushisa aphakeme kakhulu noma esidi noma eziyisisekelo, inhlabathi usawoti. Ama-bacterium, izithombe zazo zingatholakala esihlokweni akha:

• amanzi;
• emoyeni;
• emhlabathini;
• iziphethu ezishisayo;
• ehlane;
• iqhwa;
• izindawo anoxic.

Kuyacaca ukuthi ukusabalala lezi zidalwa yonke indawo. Kunzima ukuthola into eyodwa noma iyiphi indawo lapho amabhaktheriya singakaze sibonane. Ngisho amanzi ambiwa phansi amsulwa entwasahlobo iqukethe kubo inqwaba ngokwanele.

Life of amagciwane kuyehla kube izinqubo eliyisisekelo: umsoco, imifanekiso, ukunyakaza ziyofuna ukudla, isipiliyoni kwezimo ezingezinhle. Njengazo zonke, ezinye imigomo owumphumela khona, abazange.

Ngu indlela yokudla, okungukuthi, amandla ukumuncwa, bahlukene zibe:

• autotrophs;
• heterotrophs.

Isigaba sokuqala sihlanganisa amagciwane ahlukahlukene. Izithombe kungabonwa ngezansi. Ngokuvamile, phakathi kwabo kukhona amaqembu anjalo.

1. Photosynthesis - ngokwabo buthelela amandla amaningi avela elangeni ngenqubo ye-photosynthesis.
2. Hemosintetiki - oxidized kwakwakhe wezinto ezingaphili (sulphur, i-nitrogen, yensimbi) babuye bavuselele kubo zaya engokwemvelo.
3. Methane noma methylotrophs - usebenzisa amandla namachibi of material carbonaceous ukuze ukusebenza.

zinhlobo Heterotrophic kudle compounds ngomumo eyenziwe organic. Ukuze uthole alawa magciwane ukusebenzisa izindlela ezahlukene. Ngakho, nathi singakwethemba ukuhlukanisa amaqembu amathathu-bacterium heterotrophic:

• saprophytes - izinsalela ukubola zezitshalo nezilwane ezifile;
• eziphila - ungene letihlomulisa co-khona nomnikazi;
• izimuncagazi - amafomu enonya futhi okubhubhisa impilo umninikhaya.

Libuye umsebenzi ebalulekile yamagciwane Esinye isici - sporulation. Phakathi kwezimo ezingezinhle kakhulu ngaphakathi kwengqamuzana uyakwazi ukumisa zonke izinqubo zokuphila futhi yayibonakala ukuzumeka, embozwe igobolondo obukhulu. Lesi simo kuthiwa i a spore. Njengoba umzimba ungakwazi uphile iminyaka ngeminyaka, ngokuba elinde izimo ezifanele kwemvelo. Lezinhlamvu amelana kakhulu ukuqanda ukwelashwa ezishisayo ngisho isikhathi eside.

ukuze abantu

Iqiniso lokuthi umzimba okukhulunywa - nabangane bethu njalo kukho konke ukuphila kwenu, kuye kwatholakala ngesikhathi esisodwa. A indima enkulu ekusungulweni leli qiniso kudlalwa I. I. Mechnikov. Nguye aphethwe uchungechunge izifundo eziningi nihlola ukubaluleka okukhulu kwegciwane umuntfu lakhetsa kuphila ngato.

It kuvela ukuthi isikhumba sethu, nolwelwesi lwamafinyila ikhala nomlomo, engxenyeni engaphakathi pheshana emathunjini, izitho okhalo - zonke lezi netakhi ezinabantu abaningi by izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zale nezilwanyana ezincane. Basenza ukulwa nezifo, ukugaya ukudla, ukuze bazihlambulule kusuka ngaphakathi. Ngokwabo esikhundleni ukuthola izimo zokuphila ezinhle kanye nokudla. Okungukuthi, siphile amagciwane ngaphakathi umuntu ophilayo naye Symbiosis eduze.

Uma bacasuka emathunjini yemvelo flora, isikhumba, isisu kanye nezinye izitho, abantu ukuthuthukisa izifo eziningi, ngokuvamile okwenzeka ifomu ezinzima kakhulu. Yingakho ososayensi, odokotela kanye microbiologists bebelokhu probiotics wadala. It izinhlobo zama-bacterium bukhoma uhlobo oluthile, ukuthi angasiza evuselela futhi ubuyisele microflora yemvelo.

Lokhu value akugcini prokaryotes. Man uzisebenzisela kwezolimo, umkhakha ukudla, umkhakha isikhala, isayensi nobuchwepheshe, Biosynthesis ezinto eziphilayo nasemkhakheni wezinto nezinye izindima eziningi.

amagciwane Live for esiswini: igama

Uma sikhuluma ezithile idatha zilokazane abahlala womuntu ngaphakathi, into yokuqala kufanele kube ukuhlonza kakhulu "ocebile" lendawo - amathumbu. Kuyinto lokhu umzimba owakhiwa ukwahlukana eziningana futhi ukufinyelela ubude (in the omdala) kuya ku-12 m, iyikhaya ephelele ezihlukahlukene abamele prokaryotes.

Kunezinhlobo main ezimbili, ehlanganisa imikhaya eminingana futhi ezihlukahlukene zezinhlanzi nasezinhluphekweni zakulezi ukuthi musa nje abahlala umzimba wathi futhi kubalulekile kuwo wonke umuntu. Lena amagciwane bukhoma emathunjini, igama uhlobo lwe okuyinto uphinyiswa ngesiRashiya njengoba Lactobacillus futhi bifidobaktrium.

Ngayinye yalezi linendima ebalulekile ku izinqubo umzimba emathunjini. Ngakho-ke, sicabanga kubo ngokuningiliziwe.

Ngama-bacterium Lactobacillus bohlobo: isici nokubaluleka

amagciwane Phila ngoba emathunjini, igama Lactobacillus bohlobo ezwakala njenge- - lawa abakhileyo kwemvelo microflora emathunjini ngaphansi kwezimo ezivamile. Sinenkosi nethonya elihle isimo jikelele zomzimba, ngoba:

• sandise inkonzo umsebenzi enzyme eziningi ezibalulekile namaprotheni ehilelekile izinqubo mzimba;
• ukwenza njenge abamelene kuya ezintweni pathogenic, ukususa umzimba kusuka ubuthi;
• ukuphuthumisa ukuphulukisa (okuzivuselela) izinqubo nolwelwesi lwamafinyila, nokunye.

Kuyinto la magciwane asetshenziswa womshini imikhiqizo yobisi. Okungukuthi, nesigqi yabo kufakwe amasiko ukuziqalela nezinhlobo ezahlukene zokwakha:

• iyogathi bukhoma;
• yogurt;
• yogurt;
• Iziphuzo kanye neminye imikhiqizo.

Lesitshalo lokhu uhlobo lwe kukhona prokaryotes eziningi. Ngakho-ke, etafuleni lapha ngenzansi. Kamuva amagciwane yalesi taxon, okuyinto ezihlala ngaphakathi kwemizimba amathumbu, azofakwa ohlwini abamele, kanye negama lakhe.

lactobacillus Reuter

Yaba uyazi kubo kuphela ekhulwini XX. Nokho, ososayensi ucwaningo ezivela emazweni ahlukahlukene luye lwabonisa ukuthi alawa magciwane bayingxenye pheshana emathunjini of ezincelisayo. Kubantu ingxenye enkulu ye microflora is waqamba amagciwane kwalesi silwane.

Lactobacillus Reuter - bacterium bukhoma emathunjini, okwakunginika igama samagciwane isiJalimane, kuqala uhlonze kanye inyumbazane by sokusebenzisana sawo kuze lactobacilli. nokubaluleka kwazo kuyefana ukuthi yabo bonke abakhileyo kwamathumbu okungenhla.

iyogathi Bulgarian deku "Lactobacillus bulgaricus"

Lokhu sidumbu sitholwe le I. abadumile immunologist I. Mechnikovym. Nguye owokuqala yabhekisela yokuthi indlela imikhiqizo ewusizo wadala ngesisekelo ukuphila kwalesi gciwane.

Ziyini izinzuzo?

1. Ngcono ukusebenza emathunjini.
2. Ukuqinisa izivikeli mzimba.
3. Kutfutfukiswa microelements ewusizo nama-amino acid.
4. Ezintsha imiphumela laxative.
5. Ukuhlanzwa bacilli pathogenic.

Bifidobacteria: izici nokubaluleka

Ukuze lokhu uhlobo lwe amabhaktheriya esifo bukhoma, okuyizinto amagama alandelayo:

• angulatum;
• Animalis;
• asteroidus;
• bifidum;
• longum;
• Magnum;
• Isihlokwana nabanye.

Kuphela mayelana 35 zinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Bakha iningi amagciwane emathunjini (mayelana 80-90% we isisindo ingqikithi abahlali). Inani okulandelayo:

1. Ukugcinwa homeostasis.
2. Nokuqinisa kanye kumiswa amasosha omzimba.
3. Kutfutfukiswa amavithamini kanye enzyme.
4. Ukubuyiselwa microflora evamile.
5. iqhaza obusebenzayo umzimba.

"Bifidobaktrium Animalis"

Bahlanganisa subtypes ezimbili nasezinhluphekweni zakulezi eziningana nezilwanyana ezincane induku emise, ifomu kancane insaliwe. Thatha ukuhlanganyela ngenkuthalo ukuzinza wamathumbu, ngakho kabanzi ukukhiqizwa probiotics ahlukahlukene nezidakamizwa, kanye nokudla.

"Bifidobaktrium bifidum" - omelene

Isenzo main kusekelwe izakhiwo njengosongo abese ephikisa. La magciwane bayakwazi zivimbela namagciwane abangela izifo futhi abuyisele umzimba ukusebenza ngokujwayelekile. Futhi nomthelela ekuqiniseni amasosha omzimba, ngoba umkhiqizo amavithamini, ama-enzyme kanye amaprotheni molecule ukwazi phagocytosis zemizimba angaphandle.

Iqhaza lama-bacterium awusizo ngokwemvelo

Ngokuqinisekile kubalulekile futhi enezici. Nokho, singazibona izinqubo main ngokwemvelo, okungadingi phelisa umzimba okukhulunywa ngalo:

1. I wamabhayisikili ka ndaba. Kubandakanya izakhi (nitrogen, carbon, i-sulphur, yensimbi).
2. Inhlabathi kumiswa.
3. Yokubola izinsalela organic.

Ngakho, ama-bacterium ngokwemvelo badlala indima ebalulekile kakhulu, eneminyaka ngokubambisana nazo zonke ezinye izidalwa.