Nosawoti Double: izibonelo kanye namagama

Zikasawoti zihlukaniswe phakathi, ene-asidi, eziyisisekelo, kabili futhi edidayo. Bonke kabanzi ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, kodwa nakakhulu - embonini. Ukuqonda nosawoti ngezigaba kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba baqonde izisekelo yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali.

Kanjani ukuze uhlukanise usawoti

Masiqale kwencazelo nosawoti. Ziyakwazi zamakhemikhali lapho insali acid kuhambisana ne-athomu metal. Ngokungafani nezinye amakilasi izidakamizwa, nosawoti ngoba ejwayelekile ionic chemical isibopho.

Amalungu alesi sigaba zihlukaniswe amaqembu amaningana ne izici ezithile.

usawoti ovamile

nosawoti esiyisilinganiso ngezithako zawo babe cations abathile kuphela zensimbi zinsalela ene-asidi. Njengoba isibonelo, compounds enjalo kungaba ukusho i-sodium chloride, i-potassium sulfate. Leli qembu ubhekwa okuvame kakhulu ungqimba lomhlaba. Phakathi izindlela lokulungiselela inothi neutralization inqubo yabo kwenziwe phakathi acid base.

acid nosawoti

Leli qembu compounds siqukethe metal, i-hydrogen ne-zinsalela acid. Ifomu compounds efanayo polybasic acid: wali band, sulfuric, carbonic. Njengoba isibonelo, i-usawoti acid kokuba kabanzi ngayo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, ingashiwo sodium Bicarbonate (bicarb). Izinto ezinjalo etholwe ukusabela phakathi acid nosawoti ophansi.

nosawoti eyisisekelo

metal cations zikhona lezi zakhi, iqembu hydroxyl kanye anions we moiety acid. Izibonelo usawoti eziyisisekelo calcium hydroxychloride.

nosawoti okuxubile

nosawoti Double ehloselwe khona izinsimbi ezimbili okuyinto esikhundleni hydrogen acid. Ukwakheka izinto efanayo Ukwakheka nobuntu acid polybasic. Ngokwesibonelo, i-sodium ye-potassium carbonate abakhona metal ezimbili nje asebenzayo. nosawoti Dual okuxubile zinenani ngemboni zamakhemikhali, ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuphileni kwansuku zonke.

usawoti Izici elixutshwe

nosawoti Double-potassium ne-sodium equkethwe imvelo njengoba ka sylvinite. Futhi uyakwazi ukwakha okuxubile potassium-aluminiyamu usawoti.

Ezihlangene (double) nosawoti ayizakhi okuyinto aqukethe anions noma cations ahlukahlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, i-bleach ukubunjwa yayo has anion hypochlorous futhi hydrochloric acid.

Sinesithakazelo ngokukhethekile kukhona ezimbili ammonium usawoti. Iningi izidakamizwa etholwe isetshenziswa njengophawu umquba.

Ukulungiselela nosawoti kabili ammonium wenziwa ukusabela ammonia ne acid polybasic. Diammonium yafuna enkulu ekwakhekeni ilangabi retardants (ilangabi retardants). nosawoti Double eliqukethe akukho ukungcola edingekayo kule mboni eyenza imithi nokudla.

Industrial ukubaluleka ammoniytsinkovye, magnesium zikasawoti. Ngenxa solubility azinakwa emanzini, nosawoti ezifana usebenze retardants umsebenzi e upende Plastics.

Lezi nosawoti double zifanelekile ngokwezinhloso impregnation izindwangu nezinkuni ukuvikela evele yokulwa umswakama. Iron kanye ne-aluminium ammonium phosphate - izindlela ezinhle kakhulu ukuvikela metal izakhiwo kusuka ukugqwala izinqubo zemvelo.

Izibonelo usawoti double kokuba incazelo lobuchwepheshe kungaholela yensimbi ne-zinc. Ziyakwazi ayizidleke ukukhula imvubelo ezifunwayo womshini okufanayo, imikhiqizo ukwahlukanisa, mica.

reception

Dual ammonium nosawoti uzilungiselele ukugcwaliswa ezishisayo of wali band acid kanye ammonia alikhali ezithile. Industrial isithakazelo dimmoniyfosfat. It ikhiqizwa by ukwelashwa ezishisayo ammonia ne wali band acid. Ukuze Yiqiniso ngempumelelo inqubo kudinga lokushisa emhlabeni 70 degrees Celsius. Le nqubo ihilela ekwakhekeni kwezulu aluminiyamu phosphate nensimbi, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi indlela elisebenza ngayo ezimbonini.

kuphakama ubunzima obuthile nge nosawoti double amagama ngenxa yokuthi ziqukethe ezisalayo acid ngakho noma cations ezimbili.

funa Magniyammoniyfosfat embonini zamakhemikhali, ngakho-ke indlela okwenza ngayo ukudalwa onezici ezithile. Zokuyithena ke i-ammonia igesi isizinda wali band acid, okuyinto ohlanganiswe phosphate magnesium.

compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi

Phakathi nosawoti eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi double, kunomehluko ezithile. Ake sizame ukuthola izici nosawoti eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukwakheka yabo kusikisela ukuba khona ion eziyinkimbinkimbi, okuyinto elikubakaki. Ngaphezu compounds enjalo complexing samanje (central ion). Uzungezwe yinhlangano izinhlayiya, ababiziweyo ligands. Ukuze nosawoti eziyinkimbinkimbi libhekene dissociation stepwise. On esigabeni sokuqala Ukwakheka kwezitho ion eziyinkimbinkimbi njengoba seka noma anion. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona dissociation olulinganiselwe ion eziyinkimbinkimbi phezu seka kanye ligands.

Izici nosawoti ngesilwane esifuywayo

Njengoba sazi ukuthi kukhona izinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene nosawoti, ngesilwane esifuywayo kwabo isithakazelo. Ukuze nosawoti naphakathi gama ekhiqizwa zisekelwe anion (chloride, sulfate, nitrate), lapho engezwa isihloko metal Russian. Ngokwesibonelo, CaCO3 - calcium carbonate.

I acid kwalokho nosawoti libhekene aduduze hydro-. Ngokwesibonelo, KNSO3- potassium hydrogencarbonate.

nosawoti eziyisisekelo ngesilwane esifuywayo Kuhilela ukusebenzisa aduduze hydroxo. Ngakho, i-usawoti Al (OH) 2Cl libizwa aluminium digidroksohlorid.

Lapho isihloko usawoti double equkethe cations ezimbili, ngowokuqala ukunikeza anion ngesihloko, bese uhlu kokubili izinsimbi kufakwe kwakwakhe.

Okuningi izihloko eziyinkimbinkimbi kukhona isici compounds eziyinkimbinkimbi. Kwamakhemikhali kukhona section ekhethekile okhuluma cwaningo nosawoti ezinjalo.

Uma sihlaziya izakhiwo ngokomzimba abamele ezahlukene usawoti double, kungaba kuqashelwe ukuthi ihluke kakhulu ngekhono lazo ukuncibilikisa emanzini. Phakathi usawoti double izibonelo izinto kokuba solubility ezinhle, isibonelo, i-sodium chloride, i-potassium. Phakathi kancane compounds encibilikayo zihlanganisa nosawoti double of acid wali band futhi silicic.

Ngu nezakhi ezithile zamakhemikhali nosawoti double zifana evamile (isilinganiso) uyakwazi ukusabela nge acid, nezinye nosawoti.

Nitrate kanye ammonium nosawoti kuthiwa thermally ukubola, ukwakha imikhiqizo eziningana ukuphendula.

Endabeni dissociation electrolytic compounds ezinjalo ingatholakala anions ezisalayo nensimbi cations. Ngokwesibonelo, ukubola ion ku aluminium potassium sulfate, e isixazululo kungatholakala aluminium kanye potassium cations futhi sulphate - ion.

Ukwehlukanisa Izingxube nosawoti

Njengoba sazi ukuthi amaminerali yemvelo nensimbi ezimbili nje, kukhona isidingo ukuhlukanisa kubo. Enye yezindlela eziningi ukuhlukanisa nenye nosawoti kungenziwa isehlane crystallization wamaqhuzu. Le ndlela kuhilela ukuncibilika owandulelayo usawoti double, division kwalo okwalandela ibe izakhi ezahlukene, bese crystallization. okufana ngokwahlukana okunjalo Izingxube elihlobene ne nezici zabo ezingokomzimba izinto. Lapho uhlukanisa nenye izindlela amakhemikhali, reagents akhethiwe ukuthi kukhona high for cations ezithile noma anions. Ngemva kwezulu Kwezinye izingxenye double usawoti kwezulu iyasuswa.

Uma kudingekile, ukwehlukana uhlelo ternary lapho kukhona esigabeni okuqinile, futhi emulsion samanje Kwenziwa centrifugation.

isiphetho

nosawoti Double zihluke nezinye izinhlobo zikasawoti khona kule formula izinsimbi ezimbili. Ngesimo okumsulwa, compounds ezinjalo azivamile isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko yokuqala yabo ahlukaniswe izindlela ngokomzimba noma amakhemikhali, bese esetshenziswa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene ukukhiqizwa yezimboni. I nosawoti double obusetshenziswa embonini chemical deku sebuningini amakhemikhali wafuna.