Imisebe, izinhlobo zayo kanye ukuphila kwakhe engozini ukuze abantu

emisebeni Radioactive ihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezahlukene. Ukufana eyinhloko ukuthi bonke ephezulu amandla, okubonisa umphumela begazi ionization imiphumela, kulandele zamakhemikhali ku izakhiwo ngamangqamuzana aphilayo, okuphumela ekufeni kwabo. sisangulukile cha perceive ionizing emisebeni: thina awuboni ke, ungezwa ungazizwa imiphumela emizimbeni yethu.

emisebeni Radioactive zimumethe icala nezinhlayiyana uncharged futhi izinhlayiyana eziningi zokukhanya. Inani labantu base- wonke ukuhlangabezana nabo nsuku zonke. Eyokuqala emisebeni yangemuva, okuyinto yakhiwa izingxenye ezintathu:

- emisebeni cosmic eza Umhlaba kusukela emkhathini;

- kwemisebe radionuclides zemvelo zokwakha, umoya namanzi;

- ionizing emisebeni kusuka izinto zemvelo ukuthi beze emizimbeni yethu kanye nokudla namanzi, izicubu fixed kanye buthelela emzimbeni impilo.

Man, ngaphezu kwalokho, wawuchayeke emisebeni yokufakelwa, okuyinto kabanzi emnothweni kazwelonke. Emkhakheni wezokwelapha, isibonelo, ionizing emisebeni isetshenziselwa kabanzi kakhulu.

Radioactivity nezinhlobo zayo

Ukuze uvikele ngempumelelo ionizing emisebeni ngokumelene, kufanele kube kahle izinhlobo yakhe. Emisebeni zingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili main: kagesi kanye corpuscular.

-X-ray kanye g-emisebeni kukhonjwe anhlobonhlobo amagagasi kagesi, basuke wahlela ukuba amaza omsakazo, ukukhanya imisebe ultraviolet. Ziyahlukahluka kuye kuphela wavelength. Nombono emfushane futhi ngokufanele, imvamisa eliphezulu kakhulu amagagasi kagesi e bohlu amagagasi kagesi eyakhe emisebeni g- futhi-X-ray. Nge inamandla, ephakeme emisebeni amandla, kanye nekhono Ukungena.

Sun - umthombo we-X-ray kukhona ingxenye amuncwa emkhathini woMhlaba. Babuye eyenziwe kwamanye amadivayisi (booster) ukuze kuhlonzwe iziguli.

Gamma imisebe akhiqizwa ukusabela enuzi kanye ukubola enemisebe izinto. Sidlule kalula ngokusebenzisa umzimba womuntu.

emisebeni Beta ibizwa ngokuthi ukugeleza electron futhi positrons, izinhlayiya zayo aphansi azizinhle (electron) noma omuhle (positron) kwenkokhelo. Kuphakama ekonakaleni enemisebe ka nuclei e kwama-athomu nezinhlayiyana sasikhipha yilo. Ingabe ukungena ngokusebenzisa ungqimba amanzi nge ukushuba ka 1-2 cm. Ngemisebe beta izinhlayiya izindawo wadalula akhiwa ukusha ngemisebe futhi lapho udle ukudla, amanzi kanye nomoya ukuchayeka kwenzeka emzimbeni futhi kuholela umonakalo ngemisebe.

Alpha emisebeni ibizwa ngokuthi ukugeleza izinhlayiya esindayo kahle icala ukuthi kukhona izikhathi 7300 ngoyisiwula kusinda kunakho beta izinhlayiya. Lezi zinhlayiya kuthiwa sasikhipha esikhathini ukubola izakhi ezithile, kodwa ngezinye okusezingeni eliphezulu ionizing ikhono ukungena izicubu womuntu kumuntu ukujula encane, ezithinta kuphela ebusweni isikhumba. iphepha Plain ukuvikela imiphumela yabo.

Neutrons - akuyona Nokho abathwele ophethe kuyizinhlayiyana, lapho esiphuthumayo kubalulekile, kokuba amandla eqinile eyenza umuntu acabange eseZwini. Kusukela neutron emisebeni ukuvikela izinto equkethe hydrogen (upharafini, polyethylene).

imiphumela eziphilayo emisebeni

Zonke zinyathelo ukuvikela ngokumelene ionization umthelela, ngokusekelwe olwazini nasekuqondeni izakhiwo othile uhlobo lemisebe amandla abo eyenza umuntu acabange eseZwini.

Umthelela emisebeni emzimbeni kanje.

• Ionizing emisebeni eyingozi kuba sezingeni esikhohlisayo ngaleyo ndlela akuyona wazizwa. Dosimeters - uhlobo zemizimba ezengeziwe, okuyinto zenzelwe bezibona yokukhishwa kwemisebe.
• izilonda obala kwesikhumba, ukucobeka ejwayelekile yokugula ngemisebe, awaveli ngokushesha, kodwa ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile; umthamo wafingqa ezifihliwe.