Liquid-hydrogen: Izakhiwo kanye Izicelo

Liquid hydrogen - omunye uthi aggregate hydrogen. Ukwabela ngaphezulu isimo gaseous futhi eliqinile lapho lesi sakhi. Futhi uma ifomu gaseous kuba ezijwayele eziningi, asele uthi ezimbili kakhulu ziphakamisa imibuzo.

indaba

hydrogen Liquid etholakala kuphela namathathu banesifo esibi kwekhulu elidlule, kodwa lokhu noma yokuthakwa kwamakhemikhali ifikile ibanga elide ekuthuthukiseni le ndlela wesitoreji igesi futhi isicelo.

Refrigeration Ucwaningo baqala ukusebenzisa phakathi kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili eNgilandi. Ngo-1984 wathola kuncibilike sulphur dioxide kanye ammonia. Ngesisekelo yalezizifundo, engamashumi amabili kamuva bakhula esiqandisini kuqala, futhi ngo-iminyaka engamashumi amathathu Perkins ukhiphe i-patent olusemthethweni for wakhe wokusungula. Ngo 1851, ngakolunye uhlangothi Atlantic Dzhon Gori wathi Samalungelo yokudalwa kwendawo conditioner emoyeni.

Ukuze i-hydrogen Kwathi kuphela 1885, lapho Pole Wroblewski yamemezela esihlokweni sakhe ukuthi le abilayo lokhu isici 23 UKelvin, izinga lokushisa isiqongo - 33 UKelvin, futhi ukucindezela ezibucayi kuyinto 13 eziphindwe. Ngemva lesi sitatimende ukudala i-hydrogen ketshezi wazama Dzheyms Dyuar ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, kodwa ukuzinza ketshezi azikaze zibe khona.

izakhiwo

Lokhu isimo aggregate elinesimo aphansi kakhulu kwabantu impahla - kumakhulukhulu amagremu ngamunye isentimitha cubic. Lokhu kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukusebenzisa iziqukathi elincane ukugcina hydrogen ketshezi. I abilayo kuyinto Kelvin 20 kuphela (-252 Celsius) kanye yalolu ketshezi zilimaze kakade degrees 14 Kelvin.

Lolu ketshezi ayinakho iphunga, umbala kanye ukunambitheka. Ukuxuba ke umoya-mpilo kungadala ukuqhuma isigamu amacala. Lapho ufika emvuthwandaba hydrogen ingena isimo gaseous futhi umthamo yayo ukhula ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-850.

Ngemva liquefaction hydrogen ibekwe izigubhu ukushisa namakhaza, okusekelwa a ingcindezi ongaphakeme kanye lokushisa in the uhla kusuka 15 kuya 19 Kelvin.

nokudlanga hydrogen

hydrogen Liquid ikhiqizwa enziwe endaweni yemvelo ingekho. Uma ungenalo acabangele uthi aggregate, le-hydrogen - element ngobuningi hhayi kuphela Emhlabeni kodwa kuyo yonke indawo. Siqukethe izinkanyezi (kuhlanganise Sun zethu), bagcwalisa isikhala esiphakathi kwawo. Hydrogen ahileleke Fusion ukusabela, futhi bangase bafinyelele ifu.

uqweqwe eMhlabeni ukuthi isici ithatha amaphesenti cishe ingxenye eyodwa kuphela ye isamba ketshezi. nendima yakhe ecosystem yethu kungenziwa eqanjekisiwe yokuthi kuma-athomu e-hydrogen yesibili inombolo kuphela kunomoya-mpilo. Eplanethini yethu, cishe yonke amasheya H ₂ eziboshwe. Hydrogen - ingxenye zonke izidalwa eziphilayo.

ukusetshenziswa

hydrogen Liquid (lokushisa -252 degrees Celsius) isetshenziswa njenge isikhunta yokugcina uphethiloli nezinye elicwengiweyo petroleum nemikhiqizo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okwamanje esungulwe umqondo zokuthutha ukuthi angasebenzisa hydrogen kuncibilike uphethiloli esikhundleni igesi yemvelo. Lokhu kuzokwenzeka ukunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza of izisetshenziswa ezibalulekile futhi kuncishiswe kwekhabhoni. Kodwa inqobo nje uma umklamo kahle injini futhi akatholakalanga.

hydrogen Liquid is kabanzi njengendlela yemvelo refrigerant ucwaningo zabo neutrons. Kusukela mass izinhlayiya aphansi nucleus hydrogen cishe alinganayo, amandla exchange therebetween esebenza kahle kakhulu.

Izinzuzo kanye Izithiyo

hydrogen Liquid kwenza Ukushisa kancane umkhathi futhi inciphise amagesi abamba ukushisa, uma lisetshenziswa njengedivaysi yokubasela izimoto. Ngo ukuxhumana yayo nge air (ngemva edabula yangaphakathi omlilo injini) uyoveza amanzi amanani ezincane oxide nitric.

Nokho, lo mbono linazo izinkinga siqu, isibonelo, indlela wesitoreji igesi kanye zokuthutha, kanye kwandisa komlilo noma ngisho ukuqhuma. Ngisho uzitshela ukuthi zonke izinyathelo zokuqapha ukuvimbela ukuhwamuka hydrogen akunakwenzeka.

Propellant

hydrogen Liquid (isitoreji lokushisa kuze kufinyelele 20 Kelvin) kuyinto ingxenye Propellant. It has imisebenzi eminingana:

1. Cooling izingxenye injini kanye nokuvikela umlomo wombhobho okweqile.
2. Ivikela izinduku ngemva ukuxuba umoya-mpilo futhi bafudumale.

Modern rocket izinjini bahlinza inhlanganisela hydrogen-nomoya-mpilo. Lokhu kusiza ukuba sifinyelele isivinini oyifunayo izithathe ukuze ixazulule leyo Luhambo yomhlaba, futhi sigcine yonke indiza, ngaphandle bazithobisa ukusebenza emazingeni okushisa eqisayo.

Okwamanje kukhona rocket eyodwa kuphela, esebenzisa ngokugcwele hydrogen uphethiloli. Ezimweni eziningi, i-hydrogen ketshezi liyadingeka ukuhlukanisa izigaba engenhla, noma labo amadivayisi ubamba iningi umsebenzi vacuo. Kusukela abacwaningi babe iziphakamiso usebenzise ifomu isigamu-eqandisiwe timphawu ukuze andise kwabantu bayo.