UVoltaire: imibono eziyisisekelo. Ngemibono yefilosofi uVoltaire

Amabili nanye ngoNovemba 1694 Paris emkhayeni indodana olusemthethweni. Lo mfana okuthiwa uFrançois-Mari Arue (igama ipeni - uVoltaire). Wafundiswa ongumJesuit ekolishi. Wonke umkhaya wafuna uVoltaire umsebenzi wezomthetho, kodwa waqala ngokubhala. UFrancois ayethanda ukubhinqa, Nokho, izinkanuko zakhe zazingafani evunywe ukucwaninga, ngoba wayengumuntu isivakashi njalo ejele ngenxa izinkondlo zakhe.

Of inkululeko kwaba uVoltaire, ukubukwa nemibono babebhekwa njengabantu abanesibindi kwakwakhiwa. Kulo mfanekiso, wangena njengoba Isazi sefilosofi esidumile, umbhali, imbongi kanye fighter ngokumelene obscurantism, abashisekela, exposer of the Catholic Church.

UVoltaire oxoshiwe France futhi wachitha iminyaka eminingi e-England, lapho kwakhiwa umbono wakhe. Lapho ebuyela ezweni lakubo, ebhala "Izincwadi Philosophical", futhi ngaleyo ndlela lathola udumo. Manje abaningi ukuthi ubani uVoltaire. Imibono ukhanyisele, okuza ngokusebenzisa emsebenzini osekukhulunywe ngakho, abangu kamuva akhiwa imibhalo zomlando nefilosofi eziningi.

UFrancois wagxeka uhlelo izinduna ngokombono rationalism. Wayefuna inkululeko yabo bonke abantu. Too lemicabango nesibindi. Kuyaqondakala futhi uVoltaire yena. Imibono eziyisisekelo inkululeko encishisiwe yokuthi kuphela zincike imithetho, kuyoba ekahle, njengoba isazi sefilosofi ngokwakhe ayecabanga. Nokho, akazange aqaphele ukulingana. UVoltaire wathi ezingeke ihlukaniswe abacebile nabampofu, akusiyo efinyelelekayo. Indlela engcono kakhulu yo- uhulumeni wayebheka i-republic.

UVoltaire waloba zombili temibhalo yephrozi netindzaba kanye izinkondlo. Cabanga ngendalo yakhe engcono.

"Candide"

Igama ihumusha ngokuthi "white akhangayo". Indaba kulotshiwe nenzondo indida nge, it uVoltaire Uzindla emhlabeni zobudlova, nobuwula, ubandlululo nengcindezelo. endaweni esabekayo wefilosofi ngokumelene iqhawe lakhe, inhliziyo zabo ezinhle, futhi izwe-utopia - Eldorado, ukuthi kwakuliphupho, futhi samuntu izimiso uVoltaire. imisebenzi Kushicilelwe ngokungemthetho njengoba wavinjelwa eFrance. Lo msebenzi - uhlobo ephendula ekulweni e-Europe ne amaJesuit. Umfutho indalo yayo ukuzamazama komhlaba Lisbon.

"Virgin Sase-Orleans esihle"

Lokhu senkondlo, eyabhalwa uVoltaire. Uhlele kabusha imicondvo lemcoka (iDemo Yiqiniso) zabasebenzi linqoba umcabango New sikhathi. umsebenzi ziyakhohlisa futhi kuyindida, benamandla kusitsho sibonga ubuhle of isitayela luwuthinte ukuqhubeka izinkondlo European.

"Umlando Charles, inkosi yakwa-Sweden"

Lokhu wobuciko yabhalwa ku mithi ezimbili ezivelele-Europe (sikaPeter Omkhulu futhi Charles). Labor uchaza zivela ngalesikhathi umzabalazo phakathi kwabo. Umlando adunyiswa lenduna iNkosi uCharles, hero Poltava, elikhanyayo futhi enemibala esachazwa uVoltaire. imisebenti lenesitfunti ethinta inhliziyo. Ngaleso sikhathi, umsebenzi wenkonzo baziletha udumo ukuba uVoltaire.

"Inkosazana yaseBhabhiloni"

Umsebenzi wasekuqaleni, lapho kwaba ingxenye umjikelezo izindaba wesazi sefilosofi. Umqondo oyinhloko: indoda eyayizalwe ukuba sijabule, kodwa ukuphila kunzima, ngoba kumele ahlupheke.

UVoltaire: uhlele kabusha imicondvo lemcoka kafushane cishe wayenasiphi isimo sengqondo kuNkulunkulu

Isazi sefilosofi emsebenzini wakhe bamdela olukhethekile inkolo. Nkulunkulu, wayemelela ingqondo, okuyinto angaphansi imithetho yemvelo. UVoltaire akudingi ubufakazi bokuba khona uMninimandla onke. Wabhala: "kuphela uhlanya ongaphika ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona, isizathu uyakholelwa khona kwakhe. ' Isazi sefilosofi kubonakala kungenangqondo ukuthi umhlaba wonke kwamiswa ngokwalo, ngaphandle umqondo noma inhloso. Abeciniseka ngekutsi yokuthi umqondo womuntu kufakazela ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona osinike ikhono lokucabanga.

imibono uVoltaire sika zefilosofi ngokuphathelene inkolo akwaziwa kakhulu futhi buyaphikisana, zingabantu olokuthatheka ezingaphezu kuka isizathu. Ngokwesibonelo, kungani ukufakazela ukuba khona kukaNkulunkulu, uma ubhala ukuthi akudingeki ukuba liqinisekiswe? Wabuye wathi uNkulunkulu wadala umhlaba futhi lutho, bese, ngokusobala, babanjwa izingxabano zabo, ukuthi uNkulunkulu futhi ndaba khona esenziwa ngokwesimo.

Isazi sefilosofi emibhalweni yakhe kwembula ukuthi akusona isikole futhi akukho agumenti ungenzi kuye singabaze okholweni. Yilokho kwaba uVoltaire ozinikele. Ngemcondvo losemcoka emkhakheni wenkolo abilisiwe phansi yokuthi abashisekeli eziyingozi kakhulu ukuthi uNkulunkulu ukhona, kusukela yokugcina kungukuthi ulele "izingxabano wezimpi ezalandela." UVoltaire sekungamakhulu okholweni, kodwa akunakuphikwa ukuthi inkolo, ngoba yena wabe nabo. Abakholelwa ukuthi uNkulunkulu akekho, esikhathini esiningi - izazi esinhlanhlathayo ukwenqaba inkolo owaqala nje ngenxa yalezo abayimilutha ke, usebenzisa akanakholo, izinjongo ezinhle ezasiza abantu.

Emibhalweni yakhe, uVoltaire bathethelele ukungakholelwa kuNkulunkulu, nakuba ithi kuyingozi ubuhle. Sefilosofi isiqiniseko sokuthi umphakathi zabangakholwa ososayensi bafuna uphile ngenjabulo, waqondisa kuphela umthetho futhi kuhlanzekile ngokokuziphatha, kunokuba abashisekeli owabulala ubuhlanya.

Ingqondo uhlala nabathi uNkulunkulu akekho, ngoba bancishwa njengabantu abashiseka ngokweqile. Kuyinto ikhono lomuntu ukucabanga njalo selineminyaka uVoltaire kwasekuqaleni. Ngakho-ke uNkulunkulu akekho sefilosofi kusebenza okubi elincane, kanti ukuhlala kwakhe ethembekile kuNkulunkulu, kodwa ekulondolozeni umqondo womuntu. "Uma uNkulunkulu engangeneli, kwakuyodingeka ube ukuba yasungulwa" - njengoba uVoltaire wathi, kafushane le Lawo mazwi embula isikhundla sefilosofi, zonke kudingeka sibe nokholo.

Imibono ngemvelaphi emhlabeni

UVoltaire izinto ezibonakalayo akuyona ngakho ngomqondo truest. Iqiniso lokuthi sefilosofi ingxenye kuphela ehlukanisa lo mqondo. UVoltaire emsebenzini wakhe ezama sicabangisise ngale ndaba futhi ukufika khona esiphelweni ngengunaphakade yayo, okuyinto ezokwenzeka imibono materialists, kodwa hhayi zonke izici izimfundiso zabo uFrancois-Marie nokwabelana. ndaba Primary, yena akacabangi, njengoba owadalwa uNkulunkulu ngokuqondile, kodwa isikhala esingenalutho kunesidingo sokuba khona kukaNkulunkulu.

UVoltaire ikhotheshini igcwele ukuhlakanipha ( "Izwe ezilinganiselwe, uma kukhona isikhala esingenalutho"), eminye uveza kanje: "Ngakho-ke, le ndaba kwakufanele khona kusukela kunoma iyiphi imbangela."

Out of lutho, lutho okwenzekayo (uVoltaire). Izilinganiso uvumele le ndoda ukucabanga. Esikhathini buka wesazi sefilosofi, ndaba inert, ngoba nguNkulunkulu okunguYe ofundisa ngayo. Lo mbono kwaba ubufakazi obengeziwe bokuba khona kukaNkulunkulu.

Imibono uVoltaire (kafushane) izahlulelo zayo ngomphefumulo

Sefilosofi lezi zinkinga babambelele embonweni ka materialists. UVoltaire waphika ukuthi abantu akhiwe izinhlangano ezimbili - umoya futhi lutho, ezixhunywe nomunye kuphela intando kaNkulunkulu. Isazi sefilosofi babekholelwa ukuthi umcabango unesibopho umzimba, hhayi umphefumulo, ngakho-ke, ofayo zokugcina. "Ikhono ukuzizwa, ukukhumbula, ukuze iphupho - futhi lokho okubizwa ngokuthi umphefumulo" - ithakazelisa kakhulu uVoltaire wathi. Quotes kuye ukwazi, futhi ngaphezu kwabo kuyafaneleka ukucabangela.

Ingabe umoya sokufa

Umphefumulo wesazi sefilosofi ayinakho isakhiwo ezibonakalayo. Leli qiniso ke alichaza yokuthi thina cha cabanga isikhathi (isibonelo, uma silala). Akazange akholelwa yemiphefumulo. Phela, uma lokhu kwenzeka, khona-ke, i-abakwamanye amazwe, umoya kungaba ukwazi ukulondoloza yonke Nithole ulwazi, imicabango, futhi lokhu kakwenzeki. Nokho sefilosofi ungibelesela ngokuthi umphefumulo sisinikwa nguNkulunkulu, njengoba umzimba. Okokuqala, ngokombono wakhe, ukufa (ukufakazela akafikanga).

ukuthi umoya material

Yini uVoltaire waloba mayelana nalolu daba? Umqondo - lutho, ngoba akanawo izindawo ezifanayo kuyo, isibonelo, akakwazi ukuba ahlukaniswe.

imizwa

Ukuzizwa ngoba sefilosofi kubaluleke kakhulu. UVoltaire waloba ukuthi ulwazi nemibono esiyithola nezwe, futhi asisize ukuthi lizwa. Indoda akanayo izimiso isegazini nemibono. Ukuze uthole ukuqonda kangcono umhlaba iyadingeka ukusebenzisa izinzwa ezihlukahlukene, uVoltaire wacabanga kanjalo. Imibono eziyisisekelo wefilosofi kusekelwe ngokwazi ukuthi umuntu otholakele. François watadisha imizwa, imicabango, inqubo yokucabanga. Abaningi abazi ngisho ngalezi zindaba. UVoltaire uzama hhayi kuphela ukuchaza, kodwa kwakufanele baqonde okushiwo mshini umsuka imizwa nemicabango.

Ukucabanga ngokuphila, imigomo kanye oda kokuba uthakazeliswa uVoltaire, waphoqeleka ukuba bajulise ulwazi lwabo kulezi zindawo. Imibono yabantu zazithuthuke kakhulu izikhathi lapho ezalwa ngalo. Isazi sefilosofi ayekholelwa ukuthi ukuphila kuyinto izinhlungu esilinikwe uNkulunkulu futhi nenjabulo. Izenzo zabantu oholwa isimiso. Cabanga ngezenzo zabo bathambekele ezimbalwa, futhi bakwenza ku "ezimweni ezikhethekile". izenzo eziningi ezibonakala okubangelwa kwengqondo kwezemfundo, ngokuvamile kuphela wemvelo abantu. Abantu unganakile ukufuna injabulo, ngaphandle Yiqiniso, abafuna mnandi futhi ezicashile. Zonke izenzo womuntu uVoltaire uchaza uthando ngawe siqu. Nokho, i-okuphambene uFrancois akudingi, kunalokho, ibheka esenziwa umuthi izifo kanembeza. Uhlukanisa abantu babe amaqembu amabili:

- Ubuntu othandweni kuphela ngokwabo (wodweshu ephelele).

- Labo ukudela izithakazelo zabo ngenxa umphakathi.

Man iyahluka kwenye izilwane ujabulela ukuphila kuphela ngokwemvelo, kodwa futhi nokuziphatha, ububele, umthetho. iziphetho ezinjalo zenziwa uVoltaire.

Imibono eziyisisekelo wefilosofi ilula. Isintu abakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle imithetho, ngoba ngaphandle kokwesaba isijeziso, umphakathi sasiyolahlekelwa umbono owakhayo futhi emuva prehistory. Ukholo sefilosofi namanje igxile kanye ilungelo lutho olumelene ubugebengu imfihlo, futhi unembeza kungaba ukubavimba, ngoba umqaphi engabonakali ngeke aphunyuke. UVoltaire ngichazela umqondo sokholo inkolo, ngaphandle kokuqale Akaphindanga umqondo wokuba khona isintu sisonke.

Imicabango on iBhodi Management

Kuqondane nokuthi imithetho abaphelele, futhi umbusi akazange aphile isikhathi eside lokho okwakulindelwe, futhi akusho intando yabantu. Khona-ke ukusola umphakathi, ngoba izinto avumela ukuba zenzeke. Ukukhulekela UNkulunkulu ngomfanekiso le nkosi uVoltaire kubhekwe oyisiphukuphuku, lokho kwaba ngaleso sikhathi kalula kakhulu. Isazi sefilosofi wathi akakwazi isidalwa leNkosi ahlonishwe ngokulinganayo umdali.

Yilokho kwaba uVoltaire. Uhlele kabusha imicondvo lemcoka yale ndoda, yebo, kwaba nomthelela ekukhuleni komphakathi.