Uyini sasemkhathini? Yiziphi esemkhathini isikhala esiteshini?

Sazi okuncane kangaka mayelana yonke, ngakho bangaki izimfihlo engaziwa lisiphatheleni. Akekho ngisho cishe uyaqaphela izimfihlo yonke. Nanobe bantfu kancane kancane liyasondela ke. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu abafuna ukuqonda ukuthi kwenzekani Uma uwubuka usemkhathini, lokho izindawo, ngaphandle iplanethi yethu ku isimiso sonozungezilanga ukuchaza izimfihlo ukuthi ubambe. eziningi eziyimfihlakalo efihla ezweni elikude, okwaholela yokuthi ososayensi baye baqala ucabange indlela umuntu angaya emkhathini silitadishe.

Ngakho kwaba khona isikhala esiteshini kuqala. + Ngemva kwaso - nendathane yezinye, eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu multi-functional izindawo zocwaningo okuhloswe ngaso ekunqotshweni emkhathini.

Uyini sasemkhathini?

Lena ukufakwa eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kangaka yakhelwe ukuthumela abacwaningi nososayensi ku isikhala ucwaningo. Itholakala kwi-orbit eMhlabeni, ososayensi kukhona elula ukugcina umkhathi ebusweni iplanethi, ukuqhuba nezinye ucwaningo. Lezi imigomo futhi iziphuphutheki yokufakelwa, kodwa zilawulwa kusuka emhlabathini, ukuthi, amatilosi engekho.

Ngezikhathi, izisebenzi ku sasemkhathini indawo abasanda, kodwa kwenzeka kakhulu kuyaqabukela ngokuqondene izindleko zokuthutha emkhathini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngezikhathi ezithile ukuthumela imikhumbi ukuhambisa kudingekile imishini, kuzo ukusekelwa ngezinto ezibonakalayo futhi amalungiselelo osomkhathi.

Kumaphi amazwe inezidingo esemkhathini isikhala esiteshini saso

Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, ukudalwa nokuhlolwa kwe-izilungiselelo efanayo nobunzima - inqubo eside kakhulu futhi zibiza. Kudinga imali nje kuphela sina, kodwa futhi ososayensi, bayakwazi ukuba sibhekane nezinkinga ezinjalo. Ngakho-ke, kuphela imibuso emikhulu emhlabeni angakwazi ukukhokhela ukuthuthukisa, ukusebenzisa nokugcina esimweni lezi amadivaysi.

Iziteshi Orbital babe-United States, e-Europe (ESA), Japan, eChina naseRussia. Ekupheleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili, ngenhla isimo wajoyina ndawonye ukuze zakhe ubuzalwane-International Space Station. Futhi kule behileleka namanye amazwe asethuthukile.

Station "Mir"

Omunye wemisebenzi yimpumelelo kakhulu ukwakhiwa imishini isikhala - esiteshini "Mir" ukukhiqizwa e-USSR. It wethulwa 1986 (ngaphambi ukuklanywa nokwakhiwa Kwakuseshwa eminyakeni engaphezu kweshumi) kanye liqhubekile kuze 2001. Isiteshi isikhala "Mir" wadala ngokoqobo bit by bit. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi usuku yethulwa ubhekwa 1986, khona-ke wethulwa kuphela Ingxenye yokuqala, kule minyaka eyishumi edlule, amayunithi eziyisithupha kwathunyelwa ku-orbit. ngaphezu konyaka owodwa ayiswa isevisi esiteshini esemkhathini "Mir", izikhukhula okwenzeka ngemva kweminyaka eminingi kwabhalwa nini okuhleliwe.

Amalungiselelo kanye nakwezinye izindlela zokuphakelwa zazidilivwa sasemkhathini ngosizo bezithuthi "Inqubekela". Phakathi ukuba khona 'Ukuthula "sidalwe umkhumbi ezine efanayo. Ukuze idatha futhi kwadingeka izilungiselelo zalo siqu okhethekile ovela esiteshini Emhlabeni - ezicitshwayo ballistic ngaphansi kwegama "Rainbow". Ngesikhathi ukhona esiteshini kuso wavakashela engaphezu kwekhulu osomkhathi. Ukuhlala okude kwakungu ku Cosmonaut wakhe Russian Valery Polyakov.

izikhukhula

Ngo izinkinga eziningi 90, futhi kwanqunywa ukuba akayeke ukufundela leminyaka elidlule, waqala esiteshini. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ke zathatha isikhathi eside kunalokho impilo olulindelekile, ekuqaleni obekumele ukusebenza iminyaka engaba yishumi. Ngonyaka ugcwalise sasemkhathini "Mir" (2001), kwanqunywa ukuba ayithumele ekhaya esifundeni oseningizimu ePacific Ocean.

Izimbangela yezikhukhula

Ngo-January 2001, kwanqunywa ukuba alethe isikhukhula esiteshini eRussia. Le nkampani ezingenanzuzo, kanye nesidingo njalo ukuze kulungiswe yesondlo kubiza kakhulu futhi izingozi wathatha nethonya. Kwathiwa ezihlongozwayo amaphrojekthi amaningana ukuguqulwa kwakhe. Isiteshi isikhala "Mir" kwaba Inani Tehran, okuyinto wayenesithakazelo indlela ukulandelela ukunyakaza futhi missile ukuqalisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwakukhona imibuzo mayelana nokuncishiswa okuphawulekayo imisebenzi, okuyinto kudingeka basuswe endleleni. Naphezu kwalokhu, ngo-2001 (unyaka uzamcolo esiteshini esemkhathini "Mir"), ke sekuqediwe.

I-International Space Station

ISS isikhala esiteshini - a eziyinkimbinkimbi, adalwe ezifundazweni eziningana. Ngo ntshashintshe amazwe nanhlanu abathintekayo sokugcwaliseka kwaso. Ngokokuqala ngqá ukhuluma ngani ukudalwa iphrojekthi enjalo ngabuya ngo-1984, lapho uhulumeni ndawonye US namanye amazwe amaningana (Canada, Japan) baye banquma ukwakha isiteshi super-esemkhathini. Ngemva kokuqala ukuthuthukiswa, lapho silungiselela eziyinkimbinkimbi ngokuthi "Freedom", kwaba sobala ukuthi uchitha ohlelweni isikhala inkulu kakhulu isabelomali isimo. Ngakho-ke, amaMelika isinqumo afune usizo kwamanye amazwe.

Okokuqala, bona, yebo, badlulisela lizwe, okuyinto vele ibonile ngokunqotshwa emkhathini - USSR, lapho kwakukhona izinkinga ezifanayo: yokuntuleka kwezimali, kuyinto ukuqaliswa imiklamo ebiza kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukubambisana emazweni amaningana kwaba isixazululo ngempela kunengqondo.

Isivumelwano futhi kwethulwa

Ngo-1992, isivumelwano ukuhlola ahlangene isikhala Isivumelwano sisayinwe phakathi US neRussia. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, izwe ukuhlela uhambo ngokuhlanganyela futhi ngolwazi. Ngemva kweminyaka eyisithupha, ISS isici sokuqala wathunyelwa emkhathini. Namuhla liqukethe iqoqo amamojuli, okuyinto ihlelelwe ukuba kancane kancane kokuxhuma ngaphezulu ambalwa.

ISS amamojuli

Isakhiwo ISS siqukethe amamojuli ezintathu ucwaningo. Lena laboratory American "Destiny", eyamiswa ngo-2001, maphakathi "Columbus" esasungulwa lapho abahloli bamazwe baseYurophu ngo-2008, futhi "Kibo" - module Japanese zilethwe orbit ngawo lowo nyaka. Japanese ucwaningo module sifakwe ISS zokugcina. It izinqamu ngezinqamu wathumela ku-orbit, lapho ukukhwezwa.

Russia akanayo module aso agcwele ucwaningo. Kodwa kukhona amathuluzi anjengaleli - "Ukucinga" futhi "Dawn". Le module mini-ucwaningo, okuyinto imisebenzi yayo kancane kancane athuthukile kuqhathaniswa namanye amazwe, kodwa hhayi kakhulu eliphansi kuya kumadivayisi wabo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, manje isiteshi Amatebhe isakhiwa eRussia ngaphansi kwegama "isayensi." It is kuhlelwe ukuthi luzoqaliswa 2017.

"Khonzani"

esiteshini Orbital "Salyut" - iphrojekthi eside ye-USSR. Zonke izitshalo ezifana kwadingeka izingcezu ezimbalwa, zonke zazo okuzoqondiswa futhi yakhelwe Uhlelo civil DOS. Lona Russian isikhala esiteshini lokuqala wethulwa ku-orbit ngo-1975 ngosizo "Proton" rocket.

Ngo-1960 ukuthuthukisa lokuqala iziteshi esemkhathini sezisunguliwe. Ngalesi sikhathi kwakukhona kakade "Proton" rocket kwezithuthi. Kusukela ngokudalwa idivayisi ezinjalo eziyinkimbinkimbi kwaba eseyintsha usosayensi izingqondo zase-USSR, umsebenzi wawuqhubeka kancane kakhulu. Ngo inqubo izinkinga eziningi. Ngakho-ke wanquma ukusizakala ngentuthuko ehlelelwe "Union." Zonke "Khonzani" ayefana ncamashi e isakhiwo sabo. I gumbi main futhi ngobukhulu kodwa inhliziyo yayibukhuni akavumanga.

"Tiangong-1"

IsiShayina isikhala esiteshini wethulwa muva - ngo-2011. It is hhayi okwamanje athuthukiswe ekupheleni ukwakhiwa yayo siyoqhubeka kuze 2020. Ngenxa yalokho, it ihlela ukwakhela esiteshini enamandla kakhulu. Esikhathini lihumusha igama "Tiangong" kusho "esigodlweni wasezulwini". isisindo yedivayisi cishe 8500 kg. Kuze kube manje, esiteshini siqukethe linezingxenye ezimbili.

Njengoba Chinese isikhala umkhakha uhlela ukwethula esiteshini alandelayo, umsebenzi "Tiangong-1" Kulula kakhulu esikhathini esizayo esiseduze. Umgomo oyinhloko lolu hlelo ukusebenza emikhunjini docking we "Shenzhou", ngubani manje sikhulule wezimpahla ukuya esiteshini, ukuze lungisa amamojuli ekhona kanye namadivayisi, shintsha uma kudingeka, kanye ukudala izimo ezivamile ukuhlala eside zezinkanyezi emzileni. I iziteshi ezilandelayo womshini eChina, ngeke usunayo i ezahlukene ebanzi of Izinjongo kanye namathuba.

"Skylab"

Okuwukuphela American isikhala esiteshini wethulwa ku-orbit ngo-1973. It yayihloselwe lolo cwaningo ezicini eziningi ezahlukene. "Skylab" olwenziwa ucwaningo zobuchwepheshe, begazi astrophysical. Kulesi siteshi kwakukhona mikhankaso ezintathu ezinde, wadonsa kwaze kwaba ngu-1979, kodwa bese ngiyaquleka.

Ngo "Skylab" futhi "Tiangong" nawo ayenezinkinga ezifanayo. Ngoba ngaleso sikhathi kuphela waqala ukuhlola umkhathi, amatilosi "Skylab" kwaba ukuhlola indlela inqubo lithathelwe indoda emkhathini, nokuziphatha abanye ucwaningo lwesayensi.

Lolu hambo lokuqala "Skylab" yathatha ezingu-28 kuphela. I osomkhathi lokuqala kwalungisa Kwezinye izingxenye ezilimele, futhi cishe akazange abe nesikhathi ukuqhuba ucwaningo. Phakathi uhambo lwesibili, eyathatha izinsuku 59 kakade, wamiswa ekuvikeleni isikrini ezishisayo futhi esikhundleni Hydroscope. Lolu hambo lwesithathu Egibela "Skylab" yayithatha izinsuku 84, eziningi izifundo.

Ngemva kokuphothulwa mikhankaso ezintathu ukunikela ongakhetha eziningana indlela olunye ukuqhubeka esiteshini, kodwa ngenxa ukungabi nakwenzeka kwento ethutha ukuze uzungeza emzileni ezikude, kwanqunywa ukuba abhubhise "Skylab". Yini eyenzeka ngo-1979. Ezinye izingxenyana esiteshini wakwazi ukusindisa, manje bona embukisweni eminyuziyamu.

Genesise

Ngaphezu okungenhla, okwamanje orbit zisekhona iziteshi ezimbili ngaphandle crew - inflatable Genesise mina Genesise II, zadalwa yizinkampani ezizimele abathintekayo emkhathini ezokuvakasha. Bakhandwa umkhankaso ngo 2006 no-2007 ngokulandelana. Lezi iziteshi musa ukugxila kwehlwaywe of yangaphandle isikhala. ikhono lawo eliyinhloko ehlukile - wukuthi, kanye emzileni lapho eligoqiwe, basuke laying, sebeqala ukwandisa kakhulu ngobukhulu.

Imodeli yesibili module ahlonyiswe kangcono izinzwa ezidingekayo futhi 22 okuqapha. Ngokwe-project, ihlelwe yinkampani wadala imoto, noma yimuphi umuntu angase ethunyelwe module yesibili into encane ngenxa 295 aseMelika. Futhi ebhodini Genesise II umshini ngabadlali.

Imiphumela

Abafana abaningi njengoba ingane babefuna ukuba osomkhathi, nakuba ezimbalwa siwaqonde kanjani lo msebenzi ezinzima neziyingozi. Ngo-USSR, imboni isikhala okubangelwa ukuziqhenya zonke Patriot. Izimpumelelo lososayensi Soviet kule ndawo kukhona okuhle ngendlela engakholeki. Zibalulekile kakhulu futhi kuyaphawuleka, njengoba lezi abacwaningi kuthunyelwe ikakhulukazi amaphayona ensimini yabo, kwakudingeka ukudala konke zabo. Eyokuqala esemkhathini isikhala esiteshini kuye kwasusa umgoqo. Baye kwavula inkathi entsha yokunqotshwa universe. Setha zezinkanyezi ngubani ithunyelwe ku-orbit, behluleka ukufinyelela Amazing eziphakeme futhi nomthelela ukuhlola umkhathi, okwembula izimfihlakalo zayo.