Alkanes: Chemical Properties

hydrocarbon ayegcwele noma paraffins, biosoedineniya kukhona amamolekhuli kabani zama-athomu carbon axhunyiwe elula (owodwa) isibopho, kanye nazo zonke ezinye amayunithi valences igcwele ngu-athomu omoya-hydrogen.

Alkanes: Izakhiwo

Laba bameleli be-lokuqala uchungechunge homologous methane - umoya ovela S5N12 ukuba S15N32 - ketshezi, njengoba S16N34 - ukudla okuqinile. Njengoba kwanda kuma-athomu e-carbon e-molecule alkane ngokwemvelo ukwandisa ukuncibilika ukubila yabo amaphuzu.

Okuphansi ukubila hydrocarbon nge chain branched is ephansi kakhulu ngokuqhathaniswa abilayo isomers yabo. Methane futhi ethane kukhona ayinaphunga oluyingozi hydrocarbon liquid uphethiloli iphunga (pentane futhi hexane) kanye iziketekete homologs ephakeme kwalo methane. hydrocarbon ayegcwele alula ukwedlula amanzi, futhi cishe zingaxazululeki ke. hydrocarbon ayegcwele zitholakala kalula encibilikayo ezihogelwayo, futhi alkanes ketshezi ngokwabo kumakhemikhali awuketshezi kakhulu.

Alkanes: Chemical Properties

Ngenxa yalezi biosoedineny libhekene reactivity ongaphakeme. Ziyakwazi inert, oboniswa ku isihloko yabo - paraffins. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isakhiwo yezinhlayiya C no-H-athomu omoya-exhumene sigma izibopho. I chemical inertness yalezi izinto ngenxa izici zabo yamangqamuzana kwesakhiwo. Ukuze aphule isibopho sigma, udinga ukuchitha amandla amaningi. chemical Eyisisekelo. izakhiwo alkanes, okusho ukusabela lapho zingena, lesi simo nitration, halogenation, sulfonation, sulfochlorination, ngokuhlaziya. Alkane ukusabela olukhulu okuqalwe radicals, UV noma gamma ngemisebe, peroxides, bafudumale. Kule ndaba, basuke libhekene ezimbili izinhlobo ukusabela: esikhundleni hydrogen ne ikhefu uxhumano "carbon-hydrogen" futhi cleavage engqamuzaneni kanye ukudabuka we-C-C noma C-H.

Alkanes: chemical izakhiwo. Basabela kanjani halogenation olukhulu

Cishe le ndlela yokusabela ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa metalepsiey. Singasho senziwa elangeni. I dark at 250-400 ° C noma zinikezwe catalysts (ithusi chloride, chloride ithusi, ithini) ama-athomu Halogen ngokulandelana kwama-athomu ye-hydrogen ku molecule alkanes.

Alkanes: chemical izakhiwo. nitration ukuphendula

Iqembu nitro kalula esikhundleni hydrogen ku ephakeme, yesibili usinde kunzima kakhulu carbon eyinhloko ama-athomu. Manje zezimboni isikali nitration ka alkanes Kwenziwa esigabeni igesi 150-490 ° C oxide nitric noma nitric acid evala.

Alkanes: chemical izakhiwo. Basabela kanjani sulfochlorination

Esikhathini hydrocarbon elihlale ukuze ingxube -sulfur dioxide futhi chlorine. Catalysts ngokuvamile kukhona peroxides noma imisebe ye-UV. Cishe le ndlela yokusabela isetshenziswa ukukhiqiza zokwenziwa insipho (izinsipho). On alkilsulfohloridy kukhona alkalis ukuthi kuholela ekwakhekeni nosawoti ane-alikhali of acid sulphonic, yezingxenye isakhi insipho (ayinhlama, izimpushana).

hydrocarbon ayegcwele - the impahla eluhlaza for synthesis izinto ahlukahlukene organic. A imfuneko synthesis eziningi wabo ukulungiswa alkenes kusukela alkanes, noma hydrocarbon unsaturated.

Cleavage hydrogen kusukela engqamuzaneni elithwala alkane noma dehydrogenation ebukhoneni yelikhono nangaphansi Ukushisa (460 ° C) ikuvumela ukuthola alkenes edingekayo. Izinqubo ze-namachibi of alkanes ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphansi e khona catalysts (magnesium nosawoti). Lokhu kuvumela uhlelo ithonya okubhekiswe indlela abasabela ngayo futhi ukuthola imikhiqizo ledzingekako namachibi kule nqubo yokuthola izinhlelo zamagama zamakhemikhali. Ngokwesibonelo, e-namachibi of alkanes ephakeme etholakala alcohols ephakeme ezehlukene noma ama-fatty acid ephakeme.

cleavage Alkanes futhi kwenzeka kwamanye nemibandela (evutha, ngokuhlaziya). hydrocarbon ayegcwele ushise nge blue flame ukukhululwa oluningi ukushisa. Lezi izindawo uvumele ukuze abasebenzise njengezipho okunama-kilojoule amaningi fuel ekhaya futhi umkhakha.