Amaqembu Ezinye ulimi

Zonke izilimi ezikhulunywa emhlabeni, cishe okufanayo isakhiwo eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokwabacwaningi, imixhantela bakudala abekho. isandiso ngasinye Lifanele ukucabangisisa ukubonakaliswa isiko ukukhuluma abantu kuso.

Ukusho ngokuthe ngqó ukuthi zingaki kukhona namuhla tandziso nzima. Kungalungiswanga umbuzo kanjani ukuthuthukiswa kolimi iphutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akukho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi zonke izilimi zezigodi, patois, ulimi lwesigodi, ekhona Emhlabeni aziwa isayensi. Ngokokunye ukulinganisela olandelanayo, inani labo abakhona ngezilimi zomhlaba idioetnicheskih abaneminyaka esukela kwemibili nengxenye ukuba ibe yizinkulungwane ezintathu. Ngokuhambisana amamaki aphakeme ukwedlula zonke, inani zezigodi izikhathi eziningana ezinkulu.

Kukhona dialectic umndeni eziyisisekelo. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa ihlanganisa ngokwesiko zabelwe amaqembu ezilimi. Bahlukene ngokuvumelana izinhlangano womhlaba. Kuleli qophelo main noma wonke amagatsha angenayo ku zilimi futhi subgroups, futhi luyehluka eyaziwa kakhulu.

Ukusebenzisa isethi yokuqala yokuqhathanisa indlela zomlando kwaba umndeni Indo-European. Ngemva-Sanskrit, abacwaningi abaningi (isiRashiya, isiFulentshi, isiNtaliyane, isiJalimane, isi-Danish, njll) uvulekele ukuthatha ocwaningweni asebenzayo zezibonakaliso nokuzwelana nemikhakha ehlukene e-Asia naseYurophu afana ngokubukeka. abacwaningi German ngikubizé leli qembu "Indo-zamaJalimane" (futhi ngezinye izikhathi namanje ukuyibiza kanjalo). Nokho, kwamanye amazwe, leli gama asisebenzi.

amaqembu ezizwe nezilimi Hlukanisa kufakwe umndeni Indo-European lokuqala - iyona ngesiGreki (okuyinto imixhantela isiGreki kuphela), Iranian, Indian (Indo-Aryan). Lihlanganisa legatsha I-ithalikhi. It wayedabuka ulimi lwesiLatini. Ngemva kwalokho kwakhiwa inzalo eminingi yaleli gatsha. Ngakho, kwakheka Romance yesimanje, Celtic, aseBaltic, zamaJalimane, Slavic iqembu limi. Kuhlanganisa ayinabantu, nesikhathi Albanian zezigodi Armenia. La maqembu ulimi baziwa izici eziphathelene. Ngokuqondene nalokhu yazo exubile. Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona i Indo-Iranian, izilimi Balto-Slavic.

Umndeni Indo-European zingaphansi inani zezigodi ezenza kube kweminye imindeni. Nokho, kuba obanzi kunayo ngokwendawo, elikhulu kunawo wonke ngenombolo izikhulumi (ngisho noma ungenawo ungangemuki ku-akhawunti bonke abantu asetshenziselwa ngubani njengolimi lwesibili iSipanishi, isiFulentshi, isiNgisi, isiRashiya, isi-Portuguese nabanye abaningi).

umndeni Ural kuhlanganisa amagatsha amabili. Inombolo zezigodi omndeni, engaphezu kwamashumi amabili, uma uthatha Sami ngolimi olulodwa. Uma sicabanga Sami zezigodi ngamunye, ubuningi Imininingwane komyalelo wokungabi tandziso amane.

Finno-Ugric iqembu ulimi ubhekwa enkulu ngokwanele. Inani izikhulumi - abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu amabili. Lokhu kuhlanganisa aseBaltic-Finnish (Estonia futhi isi-Finnish), Ugric (Hungarian, Mansi, Khanty), Finno-iVolga (Mari futhi Mordvin zezigodi), Perm iqeqebana (Zyryan Komi futhi Permian Komi nezilimi Isi-Udmurt). Indawo ekhethekile kuhlala Sami lwesigodi.

Eyesibili igatsha umndeni Ural - Samoyeds.

Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi amaqembu athile ulimi ayingxenye yalesi omndeni esiteji yokuqothulwa. Lezi zihlanganisa, ngokukhethekile, zihlanganisa izilimi zezigodi encane Finnic (ngaphandle Veppsian). Of ulimi ezine Samoyed ngisele ngedwa - Nenets. Mhlawumbe, ebesihambile futhi Isi-Votic lwesigodi.

Ngokwabacwaningi kakhulu, ulimi kwamiswa iminyaka ezingaba yingxenye yesigidi edlule. Nokho, abanye abalobi ubheke ezinye izibalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo namanje imfundo ngolimi okungacaci kakhulu inqubo.