Aluminium ukuminyana

Ngaleso sikhathi samanje kunzima ngempela uma sibala metal ukuthi emkhakheni ukusetshenziswa kungenzeka ancintisane aluminium. It is lisetshenziswe ezidayiswayo, kanye kumadivayisi zobuchwepheshe: umnyuziki ukufakwa kuhlu kubo akwenzi ingqondo ngenxa ukusatshalaliswa okwandile. Kuyini aluminium kuphawuleka kakhulu?

Okokuqala, kuba omunye metal ezivamile e ungqimba lomhlaba, futhi phakathi kwezinye izakhi uthatha indawo yesithathu (ngemva Silicon kanye nowe-oxygen). Nokho, ngokumangalisayo ekupheleni X mina, X leminyaka ke kubaluleke njengoba igolide nesiliva. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngo-1889 D. Mendeleev ethulwa izikali, iziqukathi zazo ezenziwe ngegolide aluminium. Isizathu salokhu itholakala lokuthi ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi kwakungekho ubuchwepheshe ukuze aveze zensimbi ngezinga ezimbonini. Kuphela ngo-1855 laliqongelelwe chemical kusho vosmikilogrammovy ingot.

Ngemva kwalokho zobuchwepheshe, kodwa empeleni yayo azishintshile - displacement chemical kusukela izixazululo. Kwakungenxa nje ngo-1886, ngesikhathi i-United States kanye eFrance besele ezihlongozwayo indlela electrolytic asetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izinto zesimanje. I cryolite oncibilikisiwe (ezingavamile amaminerali yemvelo) sengezwe alumina, isisindo is badabula i-zamanje ngqo, ngenxa le electrode acacisa metal. Aluminium konga 2.7 kuphela g / cm3, okwenza kube omunye the akhanya izinsimbi (ngoba uqhathanise, ukuminyana yensimbi kakhulu enkulu - 7.9 g / cm3). By endleleni, wonke izinsimbi ngokuvumelana nokuminyanisa zabo zihlukaniswe ukukhanya esindayo. Njengoba amandla adonsela phansi ezithile aluminium cishe ngokukhulu ngokuphindwe kathathu leliphasi kunaleyo zethusi, futhi conductivity kagesi kunabayeni kuphela ngesigamu, kulula ukuqonda ukuthi kungani lokhu metal kabanzi lisetshenziswe Ihluzo Elingafaki Ukuqoka.

Izintambo, amasondo kanye nezinye izakhi kagesi, ezenziwe aluminium, akuyona eshibhile kuphela eyenziwe esincintisana yayo eqondile, ithusi, kodwa futhi kalula. Aluminium ukuminyana kwanele ukwakha oqinile futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kwemikhiqizo plastic: ekhishini izinto . (Emathileyi, izimfoloko, imiganu), ucwecwe imiqulu ukuze isetshenziswe ekhaya, njll Nokho, kusukela ngo-aluminiyamu uyakwazi kalula akha Alloys nezinye izinsimbi eziningi, ungakwazi ukunikeza izakhiwo ezidingekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, i-ingxubevange esekelwe aluminium kanye magnesium zinezikhathi namandla high (kuzo zonke 1% magnesium has ukwandisa amandla ngo-30 MPA); ukuxuba ithusi-aluminiyamu ivumela ukufeza izakhiwo mechanical isici esithile amamaki ensimbi.

I kwabantu ka-aluminiyamu (okumsulwa) kukhona izibhebhe izakhiwo izinsimbi. Njengoba kuboniswe kakade, ilingana 2.7 g / cm3. Kwezinye izimo kubalulekile ukwazi kwabantu aluminium, usebenzisa amafomula (isibonelo, uma indaba kusuka lapho umzimba senziwa). Kunezindlela eziningana ukuxazulula le nkinga, kodwa umphumela olunembile kakhulu ukunika sokuhlukanisa isisindo somzimba ngo umthamo yayo. Uma konke okusindayo kucacile, inani lwezinto oversized ingatholakala kalula nge yokulinganisa uketshezi dengwane (khumbula Archimedes nge yakhe yokugezela). Kuyacaca ukuthi akusiyo njalo kungenzeka ukuba afeze ngokushesha enesisindo, ngakho le ndlela akuyona jikelele, yize-ke kunikeza umphumela olunembile kakhulu.

Kuyini ezithakazelisayo wukuthi labo wathola isikhathi kweSoviet Union, bakukhumbule ukuchichima imikhiqizo ephuma aluminium futhi Alloys yayo, kodwa manje kusukela ubukhulu wangaphambili limukile, ngoba izindleko lokhu metal ikhuphuke kakhulu. Kungani? Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi inqubo electrolytic ngokukhiqiza 1 ton-aluminiyamu ongahluziwe kudingekile ukuchitha mayelana 15-17 000 kilowatt-amahora kagesi (oqondile lamanje). Futhi kulokhu azifaki izindleko akhawunti ye cryolite ezingavamile, ikakhulukazi uma eyayenziwe kwemiqondo.