Uyini pi inombolo, futhi yini umlando wayo

Omunye oluyimfihlakalo kunalo lonke izinombolo ezaziwa esintwini, Yiqiniso, inombolo Π (funda - pi). Ngo-algebra, kule nombolo ibonisa ukubaluleka isilinganiso selilonke futhi ubukhulu bayo. Ngaphambili, leli nani wabizwa ngokuthi inombolo ludolfovym. Kanjani futhi kuphi inombolo Pi hhayi indlela yokwazi ngokuqinisekile, kodwa wezibalo ihlukaniswe yaba 3 izigaba wonke umlando pi inombolo, engu-computer lasendulo, classical kanye yedijithali.

Isibalo P - kuyinto engenangqondo okungukuthi, asikwazi umelwe ingxenyenamba elula, lapho numerator kanye Iningi kukhona integers. Ngakho-ke, inani elingako ayinakho Ukuvalwa ngezikhathi. Ngokokuqala ngqá kwafakazela irrationality ka P I. Lambert e 1761.

Ngaphezu kwalokhu impahla, inani P akukwazi ngisho impande a polynomial, njalo inombolo obabazekayo. Lokhu impahla, lapho kwakutholakala e 1882, uqede impikiswano wezibalo zingcwele "ka squaring emjikelezweni", eyathatha iminyaka engu 2500.

Kuyaziwa ukuthi kuqala ukwethula ekubizweni inani British Jones e 1706. Kwakukhona imisebenzi Euler, ukusetshenziswa ukuthi ukuqokwa phathelana owamukelwa.

Ukuze ngokuphelele ukuqonda ukuthi yini inombolo Pi, kumelwe bathi sekuyigama elisetshenziswa kabanzi ukuze kunzima ngisho ukuqamba igatsha isayensi lapho ukwenza ngaphandle kwalo. Omunye elula kakhulu futhi ujwayelene ngisho nezindinganiso zokuziphatha esikoleni zohlelo - kuyinto ekubizweni kwesikhathi weJiyomethri. Isilinganiso ubude circle ubukhulu bayo kuyinto njalo futhi ilingana 3, ukubaluleka 14. Kuye owaziwa kusukela zezibalo lasendulo e-India, Greece, eBhabhiloni, eGibhithe. Inketho bokuqala kubalwa isilinganiso libhekisela 1900 BC. e. Okuningi eseduze kuya Inani lamanje P ibalwa isazi Chinese Lyu Huey, ngaphezu, wasungula nendlela okusheshayo izibalo ezifana. Inani layo uselokhu indinganiso cishe 900 edlule.

Isikhathi classical wezibalo kwaphawulwa yokuthi ukucacisa kahle ukuthi inombolo Pi, ososayensi baqala ukusebenzisa izindlela izingabunjalo. Esikhathini 1400s sezibalo Indian Madhava esetshenziswa ukubala imfundiso yokuziphendukela uchungechunge futhi ukucacisa inombolo kwesikhathi P kuze kufinyelele amadijithi 11 emva iphuzu zamadesimali. I-European lokuqala ngemva Archimedes, abahlole inani P futhi wenze umnikelo obalulekile ukulungisiswa yayo, kwaba Dutch Ludolf van Zeil, esasibonisa ukuthi nezinombolo ezingaphezulu kweziyi-15 emva iphuzu zamadesimali, futhi intando ebhaliwe amagama ezihlekisayo kakhulu: ". ... abathanda - nimyeke ahambe ku" Kuyinto yokudumisa usosayensi, inani P nokuthi usewutholile kuqala bese kuphela emlandweni igama bokuzisholo.

Computing inkathi alethwe imininingwane emisha ekuqondeni ubunjalo P. Ngokwesibonelo, ukuthola ukuthi yini inombolo Pi, ngo-1949, kwase kuqala asetshenziswa computer ENIAC, omunye Onjiniyela okwakunzima Ngokuzayo "Ubaba" inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela amakhompyutha zanamuhla J. Von Neumann. Isilinganiso wokuqala kwenziwa amahora 70 futhi wanikeza 2037 izibalo emva iphuzu zamadesimali esikhathini P. uphawu esigidini emamaki yafinyelelwa ngo-1973. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kule nkathi ayebekelwe nezinye amafomula, khomba inombolo P. Ngokwesibonelo, abazalwane Chudnovskii ukuthola omunye okwamvumela ukubala 1.011.196.691 amadijithi isikhathi.

Ngokuvamile, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo: "Ithini inombolo Pi", izifundo eziningi waqala ukufana mncintiswano. Namuhla, anamandla sisebenzelana kakade nge inkinga, yini ngempela pi. amaqiniso ezithakazelisayo ezihlobene nala izifundo, egcwele cishe wonke umlando wezibalo.

Namuhla, isibonelo, aphethwe Championships emhlabeni ngekhanda n inombolo bese amarekhodi emhlabeni fixed, lona wamuva okungewakho amaShayina Liu Chao, usuku nge encane, shayela 67 890 izinhlamvu. Ezweni kukhona ngisho umkhosi P, okuyinto lugujwa Mashi 14 ngokuthi "Pi Day".

Ngokusho idatha ye 2011 isivele ifakiwe 10 isigidintathu amadijithi kwesikhathi.