Coordination amakhono nezindlela yentuthuko yabo

Igama elithi "ukubambisana" livela Latin. Enguqulweni kusho inyunyana wona, anokuhambisana, kusakaza. Leli gama lisetshenziswe maqondana motor umsebenzi kanye nabantu. Kulokhu, ibhekisela degree of ukungaguquguquki ukunyakaza nezidingo imvelo. Ngokwesibonelo, omunye othile owayedlula washelela yima ngezinyawo zakhe ngesifundo ukunyakaza compensatory, kanye nezinye uyowa. Ngenxa yalokho, umuntu wokuqala ngezinga eliphakeme anokuhambisana ukunyakaza, isb wahlakulela umthamo ebalulekile ngaphezulu.

Inchazelo

Ngaphansi kusebentisana ukuqonda nekhono labantu lokukwazi ukukhulisa kahle ahlanganise yonke nokuhamba kwezindikimba izitho zomzimba e inqubo ukuxazulula nenjini umsebenzi othize. Lo mqondo lingachazwa kancane ehlukile. Leli yithuba ukuphatha ukunyakaza yabo womuntu.

Uhlelo lwethu zemisipha kuhlanganisa inqwaba amayunithi ukuthi babe engaphezu kwekhulu lamadigri enkululeko. Yingakho ukuphathwa zalesi simiso kuyinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Ngokusho ungumdali yesimanje Biomechanics usosayensi futhi physiologist Bernstein esashiwo kubo ngo-1947, kusebentisana ukunyakaza kuyinto izithathe ukuze ixazulule leyo lamadigri enkululeko. Lokhu kwenza amayunithi e indoda esilalelayo.

Inkomba esemqoka kokuxhumana

Indlela ukunquma ikhono lomuntu ukuphatha uhlelo lwabo zemisipha lapho kukhishwa umsebenzi? Ngenxa yale njongo, indlela isiko ngokomzimba futhi imfundiso yasekhaya isikhathi eside, kwakubikwa inkomba ezifana lobubhalo. Nokho, ne-70-yalolucwaningo kwekhulu elidlule kunalokho uya baqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi "amakhono nokubambisana."

Ngu definition, lokhu Berstein, lobubhalo kuyinto ubunye nokuxhumana imisebenzi yokulawula neuropathy emaphakathi ezilawula ngamandla uhlelo komzimba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhona kabusha izakhiwo biomechanical yesenzo ngokuhambisana imisebenzi.

Dexterity, ukubambisana noma womuntu amakhono zinezikhathi yokuthi:

1. Njalo igxile nezwe elingaphandle. Ngakho, ngo-ipheya ukuqeqeshwa okwakwenza abashayi-sibhakela ukuthuthukisa dexterity esikhathini esingaphansi Duel nge imbangi yakhe.
2. has a izinga ethize. Ngakho, ungaba onekhono ejimini futhi akakwazi ukubhukuda.

COP noma ukubambisana amakhono - kuyisisekelo lobubhalo. Muva nje, bangamaphesenti isihloko ucwaningo oluningana ka physiologists.

Ukwahlukanisa ukubambisana amakhono

Lolu cwaningo ngokucophelela kakhulu dexterity womuntu luye obala, kusukela sixties kwekhulu elidlule. Ngesikhathi esifanayo njalo ngonyaka ochwepheshe ezikhonjwe ezingasho ukubambisana amakhono. Kuze kube manje, phakathi kwabo kukhona 3 izinhlobo ezivamile, kanye 20 ekhethekile, okuyinto ethize manifest (ibhalansi, ukuzikhethela kwendawo, nokunye. D.).

Coordination namakhono - lawa amathuba yomuntu, enquma ukulungela yayo ukuze ubone kahle hle ukulawula izenzo motor futhi uzilungise. Ukuhlola okuhlukahlukene zokuhlola kanye theory wembula izinhlobo ezintathu ezinkulu COP. Lawa ekhethekile, ethize kanye nalolo olwejwayelekile. Ake sihlole kubo ngokuningiliziwe.

COP Special

Lezi ebalulekile umuntu umthamo ezibangelwa amaqembu eyohlobo of iminyakazo ezihlobene izindlela psychophysical.

Special COP nokumisa okwandayo eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngakho, ukukhululwa:

- ngekwendzawo umzimba ukunyakaza (Acrobatic, Gymnastic);
- ezihambayo izifundo (othwala, ezisindayo);
- balawula iminyakazo ezingxenyeni ezahlukene umzimba (shot umjovo, njll ...);
- eyindilinga futhi acyclic yezenzo;
- Simoni umzimba, okwembula ukunemba (juggling, skittles, ithenisi);
- izenzo zokuzivikela futhi okuhlukumezayo ezemidlalo nemidlalo ongaphandle;
- ezinyakazayo ballistic (wamshaya ngebhola, nengaphakathi noma disc).

COP ethize

Lezi zihlanganisa namanye amakhono amaningana coordinative. Lokhu ikhono umuntu:

- kuya orientation, okungukuthi, incazelo eqondile isikhundla umzimba;
- ukushintsha ezinyakazayo nemingcele ukuze bathole ukusebenza kahle eliphezulu futhi ukunemba amandla lubandlululo kanye imisipha;
- Ukuphendula, isb ukuba umuntu abulawe olunembile futhi okusheshayo lonke ukunyakaza iDemo lapho olwalwaziwa noma isignali engaziwa noma ingxenye yalo;
- kabusha motor izenzo ngaphansi ezishintshashintshayo zendawo eziphila kuyo;
- ekhuthaza ukubambisana noma ukunyakaza ngabanye zomshini inhlanganisela eyodwa;
- ukulingana, okungukuthi, ukuze kulondolozwe ukuzinza ngaphansi ukuma emile noma ashukumisayo;
- isigqi noma ukukhiqizwa esiqondile elinikeziwe motor action.

Jikelele KS

Lokhu ukubambisana amakhono uhlobo lwesithathu, okuyizinto uhlobo nje okungaqondile we akhethekile ethize. Ngo inqubo Uthisha ngokomzimba ngokuvamile uyaphawula abafundi abenza kahle tinhlobo letehlukene temisebenti bese Orienteering ibhalansi, isigqi, ukuphendula, nokunye .. Ngamanye amazwi, lezi zingane athuthukiswe kahle jikelele ukubambisana amakhono. Nokho, kwezinye izimo ezivamile. Ngokwesibonelo, ingane has a COP okusezingeni eliphezulu iminyakazo cyclical, okubonisa izinga eliphansi amakhono kwezemidlalo.

Jikelele ukubambisana amakhono - kuyini? Lezi zihlanganisa bezikhali futhi aqaphela ukuthi kungenzeka umuntu, enquma ukulungela yayo ngoba isiqondiso elilungile kanye nokuphathwa ezihlukahlukene ngaphakathi kokuchaza nomsuka motor izenzo.

Kaningi kuyenzeka ukuthi amakhono kusebentisana khona ifomu esicashile ngaphambi ukushayela. Kulokhu, zingabantu ezingaba khona. Waqaphela noma COP aphelelwe yisikhathi avele okwamanje ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi.

Futhi, ukubambisana amakhono zihlukaniswa aphansi futhi eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ukuze wokuqala babo ukuthi kungenzeka umuntu nokuzala ngokunembile ngekwendzawo imingcele ukunyakaza. Kakhulu ukubambisana amakhono - kuyini? Lona ithuba yalowo muntu kabusha okusheshayo izenzo motor ngokuzuma uma ushintsha izimo.

Motor amakhono ngokuya inqubo yemfundo

Ngakho, lapho sathola khona ukuthi elithi "ukubambisana amakhono." Definition of nemiqondo eyisisekelo motor amakhono kusukela iphuzu zemfundo umbono ayikwazi ukuqukatha kuphela ulwazi mayelana "lokunqoba degrees okweqa inkululeko."

Lo mbono has izikhala sobala. Iqiniso lokuthi amakhono ukubambisana, kuchazwa ngobubanzi kakhulu, kuncike ezintweni ekuphumeleleni kwalo msebenzi. Kulokhu, kukhona izinhlobo ezintathu CS. Eyokuqala yalezi kuyinto ukudidiyelwa sezinzwa. It wenziwa ngaphansi kokuxhumana izinqubo abakaze, futhi imisipha ukungezwani. Eyesibili uhlobo ukubambisana - motor. It Kwenziwa inhlanganisela ukunyakaza ngesikhathi futhi izingxenye zomzimba emkhathini. Kukhona ukudidiyelwa kwemisipha. Kuyinqubo yokudlulisela imiyalo control zonke izicubu zomzimba.

Yini enye kuhlelembisa amakhono? Incazelo, ngezigaba ngamathemba ezingabantu sensornomotornye avelele, kanye motor kanye COP autonomic. Ziyakwazi encike ngqo kwi izinga umsebenzi. Esokuqala kulezi zicelo ezimbili izinhlobo iCOP ngokuqondile okuhlobene imisebenzi of the system zemisipha kanye nokusebenza ezifana inzwa izinhlelo njengoba sokuzwa, ezibukwayo kanye vestibular. Ngamanye amazwi, enqubeni motor umsebenzi umuntu eba nobuhlobo izinzwa. Kuyasiza ukuba bazi isimo imvelo futhi bayasamukela izinguquko ezenzeka kuwo. Ukudideka-motor uhlobo ivumela COP ukwenza ukuhlaziya amasignali zangaphandle na eziqhathanisa yangaphakathi, okwenzeka emzimbeni.

Yiziphi motor kanye nokudidiyela autonomic amakhono? Incazelo la makhono motor umuntu egcina ukubonakaliswa yonke imisebenzi yomzimba. Iqiniso liwukuthi noma yimuphi ukunyakaza komzimba emkhathini nesikhathi kuhlobene umsebenzi izinhlelo vegetative (senhliziyo, zokuphefumula, excretory, ama-hormone nokunye. D.), Yikuphi ukunikeza umsebenzi kwemisipha. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa imiphumela ucwaningo oluningana. Ngokwesibonelo, e-ukungabi khona ukuqeqeshwa ngendlela ehlelekile nokuya khona izifo, ukukhathala noma negalelo elinamandla ngokomzwelo kwenzeka discoordination imisebenzi ehlukahlukene ukuthi ahlinzeke umsebenzi imisipha. Konke lokhu kuthinta iqophelo umsebenzi motor ukuba ixazululwe.

Coordination amakhono umuntu, abaziphilisa imfundo kabanzi ekufundiseni umkhuba. Iqiniso lokuthi la motor amakhono umuntu incike nezici ezithile zakhe kusobala ukuthi uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi. Lokhu kumele kubonelelwe emfundweni yezingane amakhono ezithile namakhono.

Ingabe Zikhona Izimo Ezenza ezinomthelela COP

Coordination amakhono yomuntu eshiwo ku engafezeka, kuye ngokuthi:
- ukuhlaziywa olunembile ukunyakaza;
- imisebenzi analyzers ehlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nendawo motor;
- ukuzimisela isibindi;
- yinkimbinkimbi umsebenzi motor;
- yobudala;
- lizinga ukwakhiwa kwezinye motor amakhono;
- degree of ukuqina jikelele.

CS Development Amathuluzi

Ukuze andise ngezinga kwesikhathi samakhono abantu ekubhekaneni motor izinhlelo, kufanele usebenzise umzimba, okuyizinto:
- okuhloswe ngaso ekunqobeni ukuqondanisa izinkinga;
- zidinga ijubane womuntu kanye nokunemba, kanye nokuhamba rationality;
- ezintsha futhi engavamile ukuba umculi;
- endabeni ukuphindaphinda owazenza izimo motor izenzo ekushintsheni noma.

Uma umzimba ukwanelisa ngisho nohlamvu olulodwa kweziyizigidi izidingo ngenhla, khona-ke kungenziwa ngokuthi ukubambisana. Okwamanje bakhula inani elikhulu izakhiwo ezinjalo.

Izindlela COP

Indlela yokuthuthukisa ukudidiyela amakhono womuntu? Ukuze wenze lokhu, zikhona imiklamo eziningi ezahlukene. Indlela ephumelela kakhulu lezi zindlela ezisebenzisa umzimba ngokuqinile ngokomthetho. Ngesikhathi inhliziyo yale misebenzi umsebenzi ngokomzimba.

Ngakho, "umqondo isikhathi", "umqondo isikhala" futhi "umuzwa umzamo kwemisipha" - ibaluleke kakhulu womuntu ukubambisana amakhono, izindlela yentuthuko yabo kule ndaba, ungumholi e inqubo imfundo. Cabanga ngcono lezi amakhono kabanzi.

Ngokuba ukuthuthukiswa amakhono, ngokunembe ngangokunokwenzeka ukuba sifeze ukunyakaza, ukuzivocavoca izindawo obschepodgotovitelnyh isicelo. Kubalulekile ehlelekile ngcono ukubambisana kwabo eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngokwesibonelo, ezimweni ezinjalo, imisebenzi ezidinga ngokunemba ukudlala kanyekanye, kanye izikhundla ngokulandelana nokunyakaza we esifubeni, imilenze, izingalo. Isetshenziswa njengesici ukugijima nokuhamba ngesikhathi esithile, nokunye. D.

Izinga eliphakeme kokuxhumana amakhono nezindlela yentuthuko yabo kusikisela ekugcwalisekeni balezi zingane umzimba ezikhethekile ku proportionality ukunyakaza phakathi kwemingcele ethile isikhala, isikhathi, kanye umzamo kwemisipha. Kulezi zimo, ukusebenzisa izindlela izabelo eziningi. Uma lokhu kulungiselelwa kunikezwa ngekhanda izinkomba etholwe futhi phambili yabo ukuzethemba. Lezi izindlela "okungafani imisebenzi" futhi "idonsa ndawonye imisebenzi." Ukusetshenziswa zalezi umzimba ikuvumela ukuba aqaphele umehluko emizweni subjective ne etholakalayo idatha inhloso. Nge ukuphindaphinda okuphindiwe imisebenzi ucingo ngale ndlela kwandisa nozwela inzwa womuntu, okwenza ikwazi ukulawula kahle ukunyakaza.

Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi kunzima kakhulu ukwenza balukhulume kuwumsebenzi ngaphansi okuyinto ukunemba edingekayo yokuzihlukanisa kwamangqamuzana ngokwemisebenzi yawo isikhathi, isikhala namandla nemingcele. Kule ndaba, kufanele kusetshenziswe ikhumbula izindlela ezingafani futhi indlela imisebenzi. Ingqikithi yalo yokuqala wabo ukwenza kushintshana umzimba ukuthi kuhluke ngokucijile kunoma iyiphi ipharamitha. Ngokwesibonelo, ushintsho imisebenzi kuphosa ibhola 6 m 4 m, bese ngendaba ibanga esiphezulu isetshenziswa, nengxenye yayo.

"Izabelo bukhomba" Indlela Yokwenza, ngokuphambene nalokho okuchazwe ngenhla idinga kusukela umculi ngokunemba kwamangqamuzana. Ngokwesibonelo, izingalo ephakamisa 90 futhi degrees 75, weqela enomborweni yesi-150 no-180 cm, futhi t. D.

Abanye imisebenzi professional kanye umzimba imidlalo ethile edinga kumuntu, hhayi kuphela ezingeni lelisetulu ngekwendzawo amakhono ukuhlobanisa izinto, kodwa futhi umuzwa evuthiwe isikhala. It libhekene ikhono yalowo muntu kahle ukuhlola izithiyo osayizi, ibanga elitsheni, ibanga phakathi izinto nabantu, kanye nokunye. D. Ukuze ukuthuthukisa umuzwa isikhala, ukusebenzisa izindlela umehluko kanye nemisebenzi esondela siyasebenza kakhulu.

Indlela yokuthuthukisa ukunemba amandla ukunyakaza? Ukuze wenze lokhu, kumelwe uthuthukise ikhono ahlolisise abuye ukuhlukanisa ezingeni izingxabano kwemisipha. Kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa umsebenzi nezilinganiso ezahlukene. Lesi sabelo yokuzalana okunzima noma umthwalo kwemisipha inani elithile noma ukushintsha ukusebenza kwayo. Izibonelo umzimba okunjalo kungaba benza imizamo yokubhalisa umsebenzi dynamometer carpal ngesilinganiso amaphesenti angu-30 noma-50 wezinhlamvu.

Omunye main ukubambisana amakghono wabantu - the "umuzwa isikhathi", okungukuthi, kungenzeka okuqonda esihle kwesikhathi imingcele. Ukuze uthuthukise ukunemba ukunyakaza isicelo izivivinyo ezithile. Zakhiwa kokuhlaziywa ngezikhawu ezincane isikhathi imizuzwana 5 kuya ku-10. Ukuhlola ukunemba isabelo esetshenziswa stopwatches. Futhi ukuthuthukisa umuzwa isikhathi, ukuvumela umsebenzi ukuhlola microintervals omunye eshumini ngomzuzwana. Ukuhlola lokhu kulungiselelwa usebenzisa izinto zobuchwepheshe.

Nekhono lokuqonda isikhathi microintervals lingathuthukiswa ukuze ngokunemba aphakeme, elilodwa-senkulungwane ngomzuzwana. Ukuze wenze lokhu, sebenzisa ukuqeqeshwa okukhethekile.

Kukhona futhi ethile amasu sekufundzisa, ngokuvumela yokuthuthukisa ibhalansi static kanye ashukumisayo. Eyokuqala yalezi lingathuthukiswa nge:

- kube nesikhathi eside nokugcinwa ukuma esibekiwe;
- ukwehla indawo ukwesekwa;
- ukukhishwa kwe-analyzer ezibukwayo;
- ziyanda ukuphakama nensimbi;
- noma isingeniso concomitant of iminyakazo abhanqiwe.

Ukuze uthuthukise ashukumisayo ibhalansi umzimba kuyenziwa:

- ushintsho ezimweni zemvelo (sezulu, ezinengilazi, impumuzo);
- ukuqeqesha apharathasi vestibular, nge senhliziyo, Centrifuges, njll ...

Ukuze ukuthuthukisa ukubambisana amakhono, kumelwe uzigcine isimiso ehlelekile. Awukwazi ukwenza amakhefu ezingadingekile phakathi amakilasi njengoba ngokuqinisekile kuholele ekulahlekelweni amakhono.

Phakathi umsebenzi kubalulekile kuhlelembisa:

- hhayi ngokweqile;
- enze izivivinyo kuphela ezinhle psycho-ngokomzimba inhlalakahle;
- ukwenza ngezikhathi ezanele emkhatsini izivivinyo ukuze ubuyisele ukusebenza kahle yayo;
- parallel ukuze afeze imisebenzi sokuthuthukiswa namanye amakhono.

Ukushintsha motor izenzo

Lokubaluleke kakhulu ukuba indoda yikhono ushintshele ngokushesha komunye ukunyakaza kwenye nge ezishintshashintshayo zendawo eziphila kuyo. Ulwazi Ngokusetshenziswa Indlela Yokwenza of Sekutivocavoca libona umthamo womuntu izici ezibaluleke kakhulu esibonisa lobubhalo.

Ngokuba ukuthuthukiswa weNkantolo yoMthethosisekelo umzimba esetshenziselwa impendulo esheshayo futhi ngezinye izikhathi osheshayo ngokuzuma uma kwesimo. Lokhu ezemidlalo nemidlalo ongaphandle slalom, karate nokunye. D. Njengoba enye indlela yentuthuko amakhono adingekayo ukuthuthukisa kokuhlakanipha kwabantu, futhi nokugxilisa kuyo izimfanelo volitional njengoba isinyathelo, ukuzimisela nesibindi.

Ngakho, kungenzeka ukuthi kwazeke ukuthi amakhono nokudidiyela indoda - iyisici esibalulekile zokuphila kwakhe.