I-India yakudala

I-subcontinent ye-Hindustan inqunywe kulo lonke izwe kusukela cishe wonke amahlangothi. Enyakatho uvalwe emaPhammeni nase-Himalaya, eningizimu ngasolwandle, ngasenyakatho-mpumalanga ngamapulazi angenakwenzeka, amahlathi ashisayo namahlathi .

I-India eNkathini Ephakathi yayiqondwa abantu abavela enyakatho-ntshonalanga-ntshonalanga, ngezintaba ezisezintabeni ezisendaweni ye-Afghanistan yanamuhla. I-sub-continent ihlukaniswe ngokucacile ngokucacile kwiDean Plate (eNingizimu) nethafa lase-Indo-Gangetic (eNyakatho).

I-India yakudala yayidume ngokulima kwayo. Ikakhulukazi efanelekile kulolu hlobo lwemisebenzi kwakuyizigodi zeGanges ne-Indus. Kufanele kuthiwa ubuhlobo obuphakathi kwamachibi omfula noMdankulu kwakunzima kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, iPunjab yayiyisango elihlala njalo, lapho abafokazi bangene khona esigodini. Isimo sezulu esingaphansi komhlaba sikuvumela ukuba uqoqe izitshalo ezimbili ezicebile zonyaka. Nokho, ensimini kuneziphepho eziningi, izikhukhula, ukoma. Lezi zinhlekelele zibhubhisa abantu ukuba babe nendlala.

I-India yakudala yayihlala ngezizwe zohlanga lwase-Australia. Laba bantu bahlala ngaphambili ensimini evela e-Indochina kuya eningizimu ye-Iran. AmaYurophu nawo ahlala e-subcontinent. Bona, ukuxuba nama-aborigines, bawafaka ohlelweni lobuhlanga.

Cishe ngekhulu lesikhombisa le-5 BC. E. I-India yakudala enyakatho-ntshonalanga yayinezizwe zama-Dravidians. Izilimi zalezi zizwe zifakiwe emkhakheni wama-macro omnyama (kanye ne-Indo-European nezinye izilimi). Ngesibili leminyaka BC. E. I-India yakudala inabantu base-Indo-Yurophu - abase-Indoarians. Lezi zizwe ngekhulu lokuqala BC. E. Yaba yindawo enkulu emasimini asenyakatho. Izilimi ezikhuluma nge-Dravidian ziyashintsha eningizimu ngaphansi kwengcindezi yama-Aryan futhi ngenxa yokuhlala kabusha okuzimele, kufana nokuningi kwama-aborigines.

Kusukela ngekhulu lesi-7 BC. E. Emigodini yemifula i-Sarasvati ne-Indus, ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wokukhiqiza kwaqala. Ngekhulu le-3 ama-Dravidians ayedale impucuko yokuqala kulezi zindawo. Ezesayensi, yaqala ukubizwa ngeHarappsky noma i-Induskaya. Impucuko yayimelwe yimizi yasemadolobheni, eyayizungezwe izindonga ezigcwele izitini ezibhaka. Amakhulu kunazo zonke ayeseMohenjo-Daro naseHarappa (amagama anamuhla).

Yonke imizi, kungakhathaliseki ubukhulu bayo, yayibheke ngokuhlelwa kwezinhlangothi ezimbili: ekuphakameni okufakelwayo kwakukhona isigodlo, kwahlukaniswa nakho konke ukuhlala ngokudonga okhethekile. Uhlelo olunjalo lukhombisa izinga eliphakeme lokuthuthukiswa komphakathi kanye nokushintshela kwindlela yokuqala. Emadolobheni kwakukhona ukwahlukaniswa kwemigqa ibe yindawo engamakhilomitha, okwakunabantu abaningi kakhulu. Isibonelo, eMohenjo-Daro wayehlala cishe ngamashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu. Amakota ahluke (ngaleso sikhathi) ngezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokuthuthukiswa - ukuthuthwa kwamanzi okugeleza okuphelele kakhulu kanye nezinhlelo zokuhambisa amanzi.

Ama-Dravidians enza nokwakhiwa okukhulu. Ikakhulukazi, bakhe izindlu ezinkulu, ezazihloselwe ukupaka izimoto futhi zinezikhiye.

Abantu basebenzise ukubhala kwesilabhadi. I-metallurgy ye-bronze yasungulwa kahle ensimini ye-India yasendulo. Abavubukuli bathole inqwaba yezimpawu ezihlukahlukene. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthuthukiswa kwangaphambilini kobuhlobo bomuntu siqu. Okubaluleke ngokukhethekile ekwakheni impucuko yaseNdiya kwakuhweba ngaphandle, umhlaba kanye nolwandle.

Inkolo ye-India yasendulo, isimiso samagugu, ingqondo yahlanganiswa phakathi nekhulu lokuqala le-BC. E. Impucuko edidiyelwe i-corporate-collectivist kanye nemigomo ehlukile-ye-hedonistic. Ngamanye amazwi, incazelo yokuphila komuntu yayimele enjabulweni yakhe kanye nokuzimela komuntu, okungeke kwenzeke, ngaphandle komphakathi.