Tyuring Alan: Biography, izithombe, umsebenzi. Iqhaza Isayensi yekhompyutha

Alan Mathison Turing - usosayensi edumile emhlabeni wonke of genius, yephula ikhodi, iphayona computer science, umuntu owayelomoya phetho amazing, uye waba nomthelela ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe bama-computer.

Alan Turing: Biography emfushane

Alan Mathison Turing wazalelwa e-London ngo-June 23, 1912. Uyise Yulius Tyuring kwaba isikhulu wamakoloni abathwala umphakathi eNdiya. Elapho, watholana noshade umama Alan sika - Ethel Sara. Abazali babe unomphelo India njengoba izingane (Alan noJohane, umfowabo omdala) wafundisa emizini yabazalwane eNgilandi, lapho wathola yokukhuliswa esiqinile.

Amandla aso umthwalo wesayensi , Alan yabonisa kanye phakathi epikinikini. Ukuze limamukele uyise, umfana ayinzima ngokucabangela engamtholi nezinyosi zasendle. Kuze kube yimanje, kwasuka emigqeni lapho izinyosi sasihamba ngendiza, kanye isiqondiso indiza yabo. Khona-ke, edlulisela ngokwengqondo lezi imigqa, ngathola imibono yabo yemigwaqo, lapho athola khona eziyize ngoju.

ikhono ezivelele sciences ngqo Alan wabonakala ngesikhathi izifundo zakhe ehlonishwa Shernborskoy esikoleni. Ngo-1931, njengoba zezibalo isazi umfana waqhubeka izifundo zakhe College YeNkosi, eCambridge University. Ngo mqondo yakhe ekupheleni emaphakathi umkhawulo theorem ecatshangelwayo, okuyinto balithola, engazi mayelana nokuba khona kwamakamu nomsebenzi waphambilini ofanayo. Esikhathini esikoleni, Alan kwaba ngo Isayensi College of umphakathi, mqondo yakhe waklonyeliswa umklomelo okhethekile. Lokhu kwakwenza le nsizwa ithuba elihle ukuthola umfundaze kanye ukuzanelisa emkhakheni wesayensi ngqo.

umshini Turing

Ngo-1935, usosayensi Alan Tyuring ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa amakhono abo emkhakheni logic zezibalo futhi waqala ukwenza ucwaningo, eyabonisa ngonyaka nemiphumela ephawulekayo. Wethula nomqondo umsebenzi computable, okungase kwenziwe ezingeni lo okuthiwa umshini Turing. Okusalungiswa zale divayisi has zonke izici eziyisisekelo onobuhle yesimanje (igxathu negxathu inkambo, inkumbulo, i-software elawulwa) futhi sibonelo computer digital, yasungulwa nangemva kweminyaka eyishumi. Ngo-1936, isazi sezibalo Alan Turing wathutha eMelika labahluleli okunethezekile e-Princeton University, ngo-1938 waklonyeliswa degree of udokotela wefilosofi wabuyela Cambridge, wayenqaba sezibalo John von Neumann ukuhlala futhi umsebenzi esikoleni njengoba umsizi.

ukusebenza British "Ultra"

Esikhathini esifanayo, iBrithani imemezele kwethulwa ukusebenza "Ultra", inhloso okwakufanele wiretaps pilot German nokuchazwa kwayo. Izinto ezihilelekile kuleli cala itholakala ehhovisi London isikole kahulumeni amakhodi futhi Ciphers (ukubethela Eyinhloko British intelligence iyunithi), okuyinto ngenxa usongo ukuhlaselwa undlovukayiphikiswa u ngokuphuthuma ayiswe Bletchley Park, etholakala maphakathi eNgilandi.

Namuhla inedlanzana Museum of coders nobuchwepheshe computer. Kuyinto kule ndawo imfihlo abamba iziteshi ethola wathola intelligence nsukuzonke; inani lemiyalezo code phakathi nezinkulungwane amayunithi. Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ngayinye angenayo Fixed: omsakazo, usuku, nesikhathi ukucabhela kanye esethulweni. Esikhathini yokugcina equkethe ID ye-network, isibonakaliso call of esiteshini eyamukelayo kanye umthumeli, isikhathi ukuthumela imilayezo.

UWinston Churchill - British Prime Minister - wabiza Bletch Ipaki hen yakho ukuthi lizalela amaqanda egolide. Umphathi phrojekthi Alastair Denniston - umakadebona intelligence lempi. I cryptanalysts abasebenzi, wathola akukho izisebenzi intelligence ochwepheshe iphrofayela ebanzi: zezibalo, izazi zolimi, chess, somlando omdala waseGibhithe lasendulo, izingqwele ekuxazululeni puzzle ama-crossword. Eqenjini ezihlukahlukene futhi abanamakhono wayengumhlabeleli sezibalo Alan Turing.

Turing ngokumelene "Enigma"

Division Turing wabekwa icala umsebenzi othize: sisebenze umbhalo ngekhodi, dala kudivayisi "Enigma" - umshini, enelungelo lobunikazi e-Netherlands ngo-1917 futhi ekuqaleni aklanyelwe ukuvikela imisebenzi yasebhange. Letindlela ngenkuthalo esetshenziswa zidlulisela imiyalezo umsakazo Wehrmacht ekusebenzeni olwenziwe yi-zamasosha. Ciphers "Enigma" ekuqaleni weMpi Yezwe II enamandla kakhulu emhlabeni. Kukholakala ngisho ukuthi crack kubo cishe kungenakwenzeka.

Ukuze uqonde umbhalo encoded kuyadingeka ukuze uthole umshini ofanayo, ukwazi izilungiselelo yayo yasekuqaleni, uvale izincwadi ngendlela ethile kwephaneli kwezokuxhumana, futhi yonke into ukusebenzisa kolunye uhlangothi. Kulesi izindleko kukhunjulwe ukuthi izimiso ukubethela okhiye futhi washintsha kanye ngosuku. Ukubhala ngokufihlekileyo Wehrmacht wazama izinkinga inqubo cryptanalysis ukudluliswa ngokwayo: Umlayezo Ubude akufanele sidlule izinhlamvu 250, alunikeza izinhlamvu amaqembu 3-5.

Hard umsebenzi cryptographers eholwa Turing yaphumelela: idaliwe idivayisi ezingaba ukuqopha amasignali "enigma ukuze ufundeke." Ngaphezu zonke izinhlobo namaqhinga zezibalo, njengoba amathiphu asetshenziswa imishwana nezithombe okufanayo stereotyped ngawo okuxhunywana-Jalimane, yimuphi umbhalo okuphindayo. Uma lamasu Bezingekho, abaphikisi ingqondo kubo. Ngokwesibonelo, e-ezicijile misela yengxenye ethile kolwandle, bese walalela izitatimende yama-Jalimane kulesi senzakalo.

Impumelelo Alan Turing

Ngenxa yalokho kusetshenzwa ngenkuthalo ngo-1940 kwase kunesiqiniseko cryptanalytic Alan Turing Machine "ibhomu", okuyinto Ekhabetheni omkhulu (isisindo - ithani elilodwa, ngaphambili iphaneli - 2 x 3 metres, Rotor amaqembu 36 kwalo). Ukusetshenziswa kwalesi dinga amakhono akhethekile futhi encike ngqo kwi ziqu kwabasebenzi service. Ngo Bletchley Park ngesikhathi yasungulwa engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili yale mishini ezivumela wokufunda mayelana 2-3 ayizinkulungwane ngosuku.

Tyuring Alan wakujabulela umsebenzi wabo kanye impumelelo. It kuphela bamcasula iziphathimandla zendawo ukusika ngezabelomali zabo. Ngenhlanhla, ngemva uchungechunge uthukuthele olusemthethweni amanothi iphrojekthi olawule uWinston Churchill, ukwandisa uxhaso lukahulumeni. kwaphulwa "Enigma" ukubethela neminye imishini isiJalimane, amabutho oMfelandawonye bakwazi ukuqaphela ukugeleza bushelelezi intelligence ezibalulekile.

AmaJalimane esingaphezu konyaka nakancane mayelana nokuba khona kwamakamu "Amabhomu", futhi uthole ukuvuza, baye benza imizamo okukhulu ukukhulisa eyinkimbinkimbi ukubethela.

Nokho, Turing akuyona uyesaba: kulula usizo lokubhekana nenkinga enkulu entsha, futhi phakathi namasonto ayisithupha eBritish kwadingeka ukufinyelela ulwazi isitha.

Ingabe Ohulumeni Banalo Lonke nokwethenjelwa cipher phakathi neMpi Yezwe II akuyona ungaqiniseki, amaJalimane, kuze kube sekupheleni yokusesha ngesizathu ka ukuvuza ulwazi oluyigugu noma kuphi, nje alikho "Enigma". Ukudalulwa "Enigma" ikhodi yasishintsha Yiqiniso kweMpi Yezwe II. Kunikezwa izinkulumo ezizuzisayo hhayi kuphela ukusiza ukuvikela eBritish Isles, kodwa futhi ukuqeqeshwa ezifanele imisebenzi emikhulu kuleli zwekazi, kuhlelwe ngaseceleni German. British cryptographers impumelelo kwaba ifaka isandla esibalulekile ukunqoba nobuNazi, futhi Tyuring Alan ngqo ngo-1946 wathola umklomelo ku-oda zoMbuso WaseBrithani.

ikhompyutha ubuhlakani Eccentricities

Abaphila Besikhathi echazwe Turing esinjengesomuntu kancane ome njengeqanda, hhayi ebukekayo kakhulu, nenyongo elimtoti futhi bangaphezi ikhuthele.

• Ukuba nomzimba, Tyuring Alan antihistamine imaski oluncamelayo. Kuyo, waya emahhovisi izitshalo zom. Mhlawumbe lokhu kuchaza ukwenqena ka strangeness ukuba athonywe imiphumela emibi izidakamizwa - okungukuthi, ukozela.
• Esinye isici wayekhona wezibalo maqondana ibhayisikili lakhe, okuyinto ngezikhawu ezithile landizela chain. Tyuring Alan engasafuni ukubhekana ukukubopha wakhe, umcabango iphendula eselishova ngesikhathi esifanele futhi uthole phansi kusukela uchungechunge ibhayisikili eqondisa izingalo.
• mug siqu Bletchley Park, usosayensi abanamakhono kunqotshwa on circuit ibhethri, ukuthi akuzange eyebiwe.
• Ukuhlala Cambridge, Alan ungalokothi ubeke iwashi sikhatsi lesingiso, waphetha ke ngengqondo, ukulungisa indawo inkanyezi ethile.
• Uma Alan wafunda sokuwa inkambo iphawundi waseBrithani ngezikhali, kwancibilika zemali etholakala angcwaba okuholela silver bullion endaweni ethile epaki, bese nya indawo yokucasha.
• Turing kwaba umsubathi ezinhle. Ukuzizwa isidingo ukhokhiswe, wagijima ibanga elide, ukuba bazinqumele ukuthi wayevelele mdlalo. Khona-ke, ngesikhathi esihamba Nganqoba 3- futhi 10 olungamakhilomitha ibanga the club, futhi ngo-1947 zibalwa yesihlanu marathon.

Eccentricities u-Alan Turing, okungukuthi amasevisi olukhulu Britain, ambalwa ziye zabangela badideke. nozakwethu abaningi ukukhumbula injabulo futhi ngesasasa computer isayensi ubuhlakani wathatha isithakazelo e umqondo wakhe. Turing ibhekwa ngenhlonipho enkulu, njengoba yena wema okwakhe yokucabanga kanye intelligence yakho. Sezibalo abanamakhono, ngokuba konke ezazidingeka uthisha oqeqeshiwe, bakwazi ukuxazulula nokuchaza iyiphi atholakalayo, ngisho umsebenzi esiyinqaba.

Alan Turing: umnikelo computer science

Ngo-1945, u-Alan enqaba ukusebenza womfundisi eCambridge University, futhi ngokulandela isincomo M. Newman wajoyina National Physical Laboratory, ngaleso sikhathi kumiswa iqembu umklamo nokudalwa ACE - ikhompyutha. Kungakapheli neminyaka engu-3 (1945 kuya ku-1948) - Kusukela saba khona leqembu - Turing wenza imidwebo lokuqala futhi wenza ezinye iziphakamiso kubalulekile nomklamo walo.

Umbiko ku usosayensi ACE wanika esigungu se-NFL 19 Mashi 1946. Ngo inothi elikulesi sihloko elikulo ukuthi umsebenzi kusekelwe EDVAG phrojekthi. Nokho, lo msebenzi waba inqwaba imibono awusizo okwakungokwenkosi ngqo sezibalo English.

Software computer yokuqala futhi ebhaliwe Alan Tyuring. Computing ngaphandle umsebenzi odinga isineke ngempela lokhu isazi abanamakhono ayikwazanga kwafinyelela izinga ezifana namuhla. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi uhlelo lokuqala chess lalotshwa.

Ngo-September 1948, u-Alan Turing, ogama biography is a lifetime kwakuhambisana nezinga izibalo, edlulisela ukusebenza e-University of Manchester. Ngegama, wamiswa Isekela lomqondisi amakhompyutha lab, eqinisweni, inombolo efanayo emnyangweni nezibalo M. Newman, futhi wenza ukuba lube nokwenzeka izinhlelo.

Amashwa ihlaya

sezibalo English, abaqhubeka ngemva kwempi, ukusebenza ukukhalipha, walethwa umsebenzi omusha: wokufunda ikhodi Soviet. Kuleli qophelo, ukhanda wadlala ihlaya elibi nge Turing. Ngolunye usuku endlini yakhe ugetshengwe. Isela kushiya Isixwayiso kwaba kakhulu engathandeki emaphoyiseni, kodwa ngokushesha thukuthele Alan Turing ngokuthi kusayithi. Ngokuhamba uphenyo kwatholakala ukuthi isela wayengumngane lover Alan sika. Phakathi ubufakazi Turing kwadingeka zivume zobungqingili zabo, ukuthi leyo minyaka kwaba yicala eNgilandi.

Isivivinyo Loud lezazi owaziwa ukuqhubeka isikhathi eside. Wamenywa ukuba aye wokuqukethwe ejele iminyaka emibili, noma ukwelashwa i-hormone ukuqeda isifiso sobulili.

Alan Turing (isithombe ngenhla ngonyaka odlule) Wakhetha ukulidlulisa. Ngenxa yalokho ekwelapheni izidakamizwa ezinamandla kakhulu, olwadonsa ngonyaka, ngesikhathi Turing athuthukile ubuthakathaka, futhi gynecomastia (webele ukukhulisa). Alan nobulelesi beshushiswa isuswe emsebenzini imfihlo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-British wesaba ukuthi ongqingili kungenziwa ukubuthwa izinhloli Soviet. Usosayensi osolwa ukuhlola akuyona, kodwa sinqatshiwe ngokuxoxa nomsebenzi wakhe Bletchley Park.

Apple Alan Turing

Indaba Alan Turing sika obuhlungu core: wayeyisazi zezibalo axoshwe futhi sinqatshiwe ukufundisa. Idumela lakhe bekulimele unaphakade. Ngezinye 41 le nsizwa ephonswe olwandle isigqi evamile yokuphila, washiya ngaphandle umsebenzi yakhe ethandekayo, nge psyche olimele futhi impilo zonakale. Ngo-1954, u-Alan Turing, ogama Biography futhi manje bagajwa okusezingqondweni zabantu abaningi, watholakala eshonile emzini wakhe, futhi phezu nightstand eceleni kombhede yabeka apula yenhlwathi. Kwabe sekuvela ukuthi kamuva, ukuthi ugcwele cyanide. Njengoba Alan Turing ukusungulwa scene kusuka ozithandayo inganekwane zakho "Snow White" ngo-1937. Ngokwemibiko ethile, lokhu kungani izithelo isibe uwuphawu nezwe odumile "Apple" inkampani ikhompyutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Apple namanje lwesono, ulwazi okukhulunywa ngayo eBhayibhelini.

Le nguqulo esemthethweni ukushonelwa sezibalo abanamakhono - ukuzibulala. umama Alan sika wayekholelwa ukuthi ushevu kwaba ingozi, ngoba Alan njalo engaqondile ukusebenza amakhemikhali. Kukhona inguqulo Turing wakhetha ngale ndlela lokweqa ukuphila, ukuvumela omama abakholelwa ukuzibulala ngamabomu.

Ukuvuselelwa kwe-sezibalo English

Sezibalo esikhulu avuselelwa kwakhe. Ngo-2009, uNdunankulu waseBrithani Gordon Brown uye ixolise obala ngokuthi ushushiso wahlupheka wayeyisazi computer science. Ngo-2013, Turing lalimisa abaxolelwe namacala isihlamba Elizabeth II - Queen of Great Britain.

umsebenzi Alan Turing itholakala hhayi kuphela e ukuthuthukiswa kolwazi nobuchwepheshe: ekupheleni ukuphila usosayensi wazinikela imibuzo yezinto eziphilayo, okungukuthi - waqala ukuthuthukisa inkolelo-mbono amakhemikhali morphogenesis, okwakunginika play okugcwele inhlanganisela ikhono ngokunembile futhi unesiphiwo sezibalo, isazi sefilosofi, egcwele imibono original. I imidwebo lokuqala theory ezichazwe umbiko kwangaphambilini ngo-1952 futhi kwavela umbiko ngemva kokufa usosayensi sika.

Lo mklomelo yodumo emkhakheni computer science iyona "Turing Award". umklomelo wakhe wenziwe ngonyaka Association for Computing Imishini. Sponsored le ndondo, futhi leyo mali okwamanje simi ku-250, 000, i-Google corporation kanye Intel. Elokuqala umklomelo ezibalulekile ngo-1966 waklonyeliswa Alan Perlis ngokudala compilers.