Organelle - kuyinto ... imisebenzi, isakhiwo organelles

Organelle - ukwakheka njalo kuseli eyenza umsebenzi othize. Ziyakwazi ngokuthi organelles. Organelle - yilokhu ivumela cell ukuphila. Ngendlela efanayo njengoba izilwane nabantu akhiwe zitho, ukuze ngakho isitokisi ngasinye sakhiwa organelles. Ziyakwazi ahlukahlukene futhi ufeze zonke imisebenzi ukuthi ahlinzeke impilo cell: lena umzimba, futhi isitoreji, nokuhlukanisa.

Yiziphi organelles?

Organelle - isakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ezinye zazo kungenzeka babe ngisho DNA yabo futhi RNA. Ngo wonke amaseli kukhona mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, isikhungo cell, umshini (eziyinkimbinkimbi) Golgi apharathasi, reticulum endoplasmic (reticulum). Izitshalo futhi babe organelles ethize yeselula: i vacuole futhi plastids. Ezinye ubheke organelles futhi microtubules futhi microfilaments.

Organelle - kuba ribosome, kanye vacuole futhi isikhungo cell, nabanye abaningi. Ake sihlolisise at isakhiwo kanye umsebenzi organelles.

mitochondria

Lezi organelles ukunikeza iseli amandla - bazi ukuthi banesibophezelo kwezimila yeselula. Baphinde babe izitshalo nezilwane, kanye nesikhunta. Lezi organelles ezimbili yeselula babe ulwelwesi: bangaphandle zangaphakathi, okuyinto phakathi isikhala intermembrane. Kuyini ngaphakathi igobolondo, ebizwa matrix. Kunezindlela ezihlukahlukene enzyme - izinto ezidingekayo ukuze kuyashesha zamakhemikhali. Ulwelwesi kwangaphakathi has emphethweni - cristae. Kuyinto kubo futhi inqubo emishinini yokuphefumula yeselula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuleli matrix mitochondrial kuyinto DNA mitochondrial (cDNA) kanye mRNA futhi ribosome kakhulu ezifana nalezo we amaseli prokaryotic.

ribosome

Lokhu organelle obangela nqubo yokuhumusha, lapho acid ngabanye acid amaprotheni kwemiqondo. Isakhiwo ribosome organelle kulula kuka mitochondria - alinaso ulwelwesi. Lokhu organoid inezingxenye ezimbili (subunits) - ezincane nezinkulu. Lapho ngasebenzi ribosome, bahlukene futhi uma iqala synthesize amaprotheni - kuhlanganiswe. Futhi abakwazi ukuhlangana khona futhi eziningana ribosomes, uma iketango polypeptide, kwemiqondo yibo, lide kakhulu. Lesi sakhiwo sibizwa ngokuthi "polyribosomes".

lysosomes

umsebenzi Organelles yalolu hlobo ziyancipha ukuqaliswa ukugaya yeselula. Lysosomes ifa elilodwa ulwelwesi ngaphakathi okuyizinto enzyme - yelikhono zamakhemikhali. Ngezinye izikhathi lezi organelles akukhona nje ukuthi kugaywe umsoco, kodwa futhi inhlabamkhosi lonke organelles. Lokhu kungenzeka ngesikhathi kuqhubeka isikhathi eside ngokuzila ukudla amaseli bese ivumela angakwenza ukuze aphile isikhathi esithile. Nakuba uma izakhi namanje ungaqali ukufika, leli ngqamuzana liyafa.

Cell isikhungo: lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti

Lokhu organelle yakhiwa izingxenye ezimbili - i-centrioles. Le mfundo ngesimo amasilinda, ehlanganisa microtubules. Cell isikhungo - a organelle kubaluleke kakhulu. It ehilelekile kumiswa lokuphotha mitotic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kuyinto maphakathi microtubule inhlangano.

Golgi isithombe

Kuyinto eziyinkimbinkimbi disk emise ulwelwesi sacs ngokuthi cisternae. Inhloso yalolu organelle kuthiwa ukuhlunga, nokwenza nokugcina izinto ezithile. Kwemiqondo ngokuyinhloko ama-carbohydrate, okuyizinto ingxenye glycocalyx.

Sakhiwo umsebenzi reticulum endoplasmic

Kuyinto inethiwekhi amashubhu kanye emaphaketheni lizungezwe ulwelwesi. Zimbili izinhlobo reticulum endoplasmic: bushelelezi futhi olunzima. Uma uyikha phezulu le, lona wamuva ribosome losendzaweni. reticulum Smooth futhi anolaka imisebenzi ehlukene. Eyokuqala unesibopho synthesis-hormone, isitoreji nokuguqulwa carbohydrate. Ngaphezu kwalokho, akhiwa khona iziqalo vacuoles - organelles ethize plant cells. Rough reticulum endoplasmic iqukethe ribosomes ku ubuso bayo, okuyinto ukukhiqiza iketango polypeptide of amino acid. Khona-ke engena reticulum endoplasmic, futhi kwakhiwa kukhona othile yesibili, ephakeme kanye nesakhiwo quaternary amaprotheni (chain kahle ezisontekile).

vacuoles

Lokhu organelle zezitshalo amaseli. Banezinhliziyo ulwelwesi olulodwa. Zinqwabelanisa inomfi yesihlahla cell. I vacuole kuyadingeka ukuze balondoloze turgor. Uphinde abahilelekile ka Osmosis. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona vacuole contractile. Basuke equkethwe ikakhulukazi eziphilayo unicellular abahlala amanzi, futhi ngikhonze njengomshumayeli wesikhathi efflux futha amangqamuzana okusamanzi ngokweqile.

Plastids: zinhlobo, lokuphatselene nesakhiwo nemsebenti

Kuyinto futhi organelle zezitshalo amaseli. Bona bangabezwe; ezintathu izinhlobo: leucoplasts, chromoplasts futhi chloroplast. Eyokuqala asetshenziselwa ukugcina alondoloza ukudla, ikakhulu isitashi. Chromoplasts aqukethe zombala ahlukahlukene. Siyabonga kubo, izitshalo amacembe emibalabala. It okudingekayo umzimba kwasekuqaleni ukuze izinambuzane impova.

Chloroplast - the plastids ezibaluleke kakhulu. Inani elikhulu kunawo wonke wabo e amaqabunga neziqu zezitshalo. Bazi ukuthi banesibophezelo photosynthesis - uchungechunge zamakhemikhali e inqubo lapho umzimba uthola organic izinto wezinto ezingaphili. Lezi organelles babe ulwelwesi ezimbili. Matrix chloroplast ngokuthi "stroma". Iqukethe DNA plastid, RNA, ama-enzyme, kanye isitashi kusebenze. izakhiwo membranous ngesimo zemali - thylakoids asezindaweni chloroplast. Ngaphakathi kuwo, futhi i-photosynthesis. Ibuye ibe ane-chlorophyll, ukhonza njengomPristi kulethe zamakhemikhali. Thylakoids ka chloroplast ehlangana ibe isitaki - grana. Futhi organelles kukhona lamellae okuyinto kuhlobene thylakoids umfundi ngamunye ukuze uxhumano therebetween.

organelle ukunyakaza

Basuke izimpawu ngokuyinhloko for eziphilayo owumphumela. Lezi zinto zihlanganisa flagella futhi cilia. I samanje kuqala Euglena, trypanosomes, Chlamydomonas. Futhi ekhona izilwane isidoda flagella. Cilia babe ciliates kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo unicellular.

microtubules

Zinikeza ezokuthutha izinto, kanye ifomu unomphela yeseli. Abanye ososayensi bathi yonke le microtubules kuya organelles.