Benzene - a ... ifomula kwesakhiwo, properties kanye ukukhiqizwa-benzene

A kwakwakhe ezifana-benzene, uNkosazana Chemistry epulazini lakhe ekugcineni atholwe kuphela 1833. Benzene - ekhuthaza ukuthi unesikhathi esifushane omnene, singasho, ngisho alufakwa. Njengoba butholakala out?

indaba

Johann Glauber wamnaka uxhumano e 1649, eyasungulwa ngempumelelo lapho umthaki wahlanganyela ukucutshungulwa amalahle yomsizi netiyela. Kodwa ayethanda ukuhlala-incognito.

Ngemva kweminyaka ecishe ibe 170, futhi ukuba eqondile kakhulu, maphakathi nawo-eko kwekhulu XIX, ngengozi ka ukhanyisa igesi, okungukuthi kusukela ahlukaniswe condensate ekhishwe benzene. Ngakho imizamo lesintu ukweleta ukuba UMichael Faraday, usosayensi ovela eNgilandi.

Baton for yokufuna benzene abamba German Eylgard Mitscherlich. Lokhu kwenzeka uma ukucutshungulwa lidlule anhydrous benzoic acid calcium nosawoti. Mhlawumbe, Ngakho-ke, lokhu sikunike igama uxhumano - benzene. Noma kunjalo, njengoba inketho, ososayensi ukuyibiza uphethiloli. Impepho, uma ngesi-Arabhu.

Benzene kahle futhi egqamile ovuthayo, ngokuqondene nalezi kokuma Ogyust Loran belulekwa ukubiza "izinwele" yakhe noma "benzene". Bright, shining - uma lihunyushwa lisuselwa esiGrekini.

Ngokusekelwe umbono Linus Pauling, nomqondo ubunjalo elekthroniki, izimfanelo we-benzene, usosayensi othile wanikeza kwakwakhe-molecule kanje. Lokhu iheksagoni. It liqoshwe mbuthano. Lokhu okungenhla kusikisela ukuthi ubuqotho ifu electronic-benzene, okuyinto kuphetha ngempumelelo eziyisithupha (ngaphandle kokukhetha) carbon umjikelezo. Sasondelana ubudlelwano kanambambili kuyagcinwa.

Nge-benzene ngaphambilini wasebenza kuphela. Futhi ngokuyisisekelo, njengoba besho, ukuba akwenze, mina ukuba akwenze. Kodwa kungenjongo ngekhulu XIX. Ngekhulu XX kuye kwaba nezinguquko eziphawulekayo. benzene izakhiwo baveze izimfanelo eziyigugu kakhulu okwamsiza baba ethandwa kakhudlwana. Inombolo octane, eyabonakala okusezingeni eliphezulu, ithuba ukuyisebenzisa njengoba izakhi yokubasela babangele izimoto. Lesi senzo umfutho ukususwa olubanzi-benzene, isizinda yalo Kwenziwa njengoba yesibili umkhiqizo yokukhiqiza coking steel.

By forties emkhakheni benzene chemical waqala zidliwe ukukhiqizwa izinto ngokushesha qhumisa. XX leminyaka ezihlalweni zobukhosi bethwele nemiqhele yena ukuthi umkhakha yokucwenga isungule njengoba benzene, egcwele ukunikeza umkhakha zamakhemikhali.

benzene Isici

hydrocarbon unsaturated zifana kakhulu benzene. Ngokwesibonelo, hydrocarbon of ethylene uchungechunge ephawula ngokwaso njengoba hydrocarbon unsaturated. It libhekene ukusabela kwalokho. Benzene kalula engena esikhundleni ukusabela. Konke lokhu sibonga athomu ezisesandleni indiza efanayo. Futhi njengoba Empeleni - conjugated electron efwini.

Uma ifomula elikhona indandatho-benzene, khona-ke umuntu ongeza isiphetho eziyisisekelo ukuthi lokhu --benzene, ifomula isakhi olubheka afana ncamashí.

izakhiwo

Benzene - uketshezi ongenawo umbala, kodwa ine iphunga ngeshwa. Benzene liyancibilika lapho izinga lokushisa ifinyelela 5,52 degrees Celsius. Amathumba at 80,1. Ubuningi kuyinto 0,879 g / cm ^3, mass izinyo lomhlathi elilingana 78,11 g / Mol. Ngo omlilo ebhema kakhulu. Kungenisa compounds kuqhume, lapho umoya ungena. Breakers zinhlobo organic (-benzene, elithi ether, njll) ngalolu ketshezi echazwe axhunyiwe ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Lwenza kwakwakhe azeotropic ngamanzi. Ukushisisa ngaphambi vaporization kwenzeka ngesikhathi 69,25 ngamadigrizi (91% benzene). Ngezinye degrees 25 Celsius kungenziwa oncibilikiswe amanzi 1,79 g / L.

chemical izakhiwo

Benzene is wasithukuthelela sulfuric acid kanye nitric acid. Futhi nge alkenes, halogens, chloroalkanes. esikhundleni yokusabela - okungukuthi eyinqaba kuye. Temperature kuthinta ingcindezi ukufohla benzene indandatho ezisabalele endaweni izimo sasivumela nokhahlo.

Ngamunye equation ukuthi bayavuma ka-benzene singakwazi ukubona imininingwane engaphezulu.

1. esikhundleni Electrophilic. Bromo, ebukhoneni kulethe, is asabela ngayo chlorine. Imiphumela iba yinhlanganisela yokukhandleka chlorobenzene:

C6H6 + 3Cl2 → C6H5Cl + HCl

2. Friedel-yezandla ukuphendula noma alkylation ka-benzene. Ukuvela alkylbenzenes senzeka ngenxa ngokuqondene alkanes, okuyizinto nemikhiqizo Halogen:

C6H6 + C2H5Br → C6H5C2H5 + HBr

3 esikhundleni Electrophilic. Nasi ukusabela nitration futhi sulfonation. Bheka-benzene kwesibalo simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

C6H6 + H2SO4 → C6H5SO3H + H2O

C6H6 + HNO3 → C6H5NO2 + H2O

4. benzene ngesikhathi omlilo:

2C6H6 + 15O2 → 12CO2 + 6H2O

Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, liveza ubunjalo esingokwemvelo hydrocarbon te. U-electron ifu, okuyinto kule nokwakheka ketshezi okukhulunywa ngakho, kuchaza zindlela zokusabela.

Ngu ubuchwepheshe ekhethekile zincike izinhlobo ezahlukene benzene. Yingakho nekukumakwa petroleum benzene. Ngokwesibonelo, kakhulu kuhlanzwe futhi ihlanze synthesis. Ngithanda udvwebela homologues ka-benzene, futhi uma ukhonkolo - izakhiwo zabo zamakhemikhali. It alkylbenzenes.

Homologues ka-benzene lungaphezu maningi amathuba okuba basabele. Kodwa ukusabela ezilandisiwe-benzene, okungukuthi homologues uzikhonze umehluko othize.

halogenation ka alkylbenzenes

Ifomu le-equation simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

S6H5-CH3 + Br = C6H5-CH2Br + HBr.

Uyokwanelisa isifiso sabo uxhumano lokudlulisa esiyingini benzene is hhayi waphawula. Uya ehlane ohlangothini chain. Kodwa sibonga usawoti kulethe Al (+3) bromo ngesibindi iringi.

nitration ka alkylbenzenes

Ngenxa acid sulfuric futhi nitric, benzenes nitrating futhi alkyl benzenes. Esisheshayo alkyl benzenes. imikhiqizo emibili etholakala kusukela ezintathu ethulwa - a umane ukhulumele futhi Ortho-isomers. Ungarekhoda omunye amafomula:

C6H5 - CH3 + 3HNO3 → C6H2CH3 (NO2) 3.

namachibi

Benzene akwamukeleki. Kodwa alkyl benzenes basabela kalula. Ngokwesibonelo, benzoic acid. Ifomula simiswe ngalendlela lelandzelako:

C6H5CH3 + [O] → C6H5COOH.

Alkylbenzene futhi benzene, hydrogenation of

Phambi hydrogen amplifier iqala ukuxubana-benzene, cyclohexane ngaleyo ndlela kwakheka, njengoba kushiwo ngenhla. Ngokufanayo alkibenzoly komzamo ibe alkylcyclohexanes. Ukuze alkylcyclohexane ukuba ngaphansi oyifunayo alkyl benzene hydrogenation. Ngokuyinhloko it is a inqubo kudingekile ukwenziwa umkhiqizo unalloyed. Futhi lokhu akuyona yonke ukusabela benzene futhi alkyl benzene.

Ukukhiqizwa benzene. umkhakha

Fundam ukukhiqizwa ezinjalo kusekelwe yokuthi yezingxenye bavuselele: toluene, naphtha itiyela okuyinto ikhishwe ngesikhathi kwemifantu amalahle, kanye nezinye. Ngakho-ke, benzene ikhiqizwa Petrochemical, amabhizinisi Metallurgical. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi uthole ezahlukene benzene ubumsulwa, ngenxa isimiso zokukhiqiza kanye lapho uya khona kufanele kube ubuhlobo ngqo brand we ketshezi.

share sengonyama senziwa ukuguqula bead okhanda amanye amathuba ingxenye kaustobiolitnoy abilisiwe nganoma 65 degrees, okuyinto ine umphumela akhiphe ziphuzo zazihluzwa nge dimethylformamide.

Ekwenzeni ethylene futhi propylene etholwe imikhiqizo ketshezi okuyinto akhiwa phakathi kwamazinyo compounds wezinto ezingaphili futhi organic, ngaphansi kwethonya ukushisa. Kulawa, benzene nezihlukene. Kodwa, ngeshwa, impahla eluhlaza for version ukukhiqizwa benzene alikho ngempela. Ngenxa yokuthi unesithakazelo ketshezi ezikhishwe ukuguqula. Ngu indlela enjalo kwandisa umthamo benzene.

Ngu dealkylation at 610-830 degrees nge uphawu lokuhlanganisa, ebukhoneni umusi imiswe phakathi abilayo amanzi ne-hydrogen, ibhalwe kusuka toluene, benzene. Kunokunye ongakwenza - kulethe. Lapho khona zeolites zenzeka, nomake, i-nitrous yelikhono, kuncike lokushisa 227-627 degrees.

Kunenye, amadala, ukuthuthukiswa indlela benzene. Nge ukumuncwa umsuka organic eshona it is behlukene umphumela wokugcina kwamalahle coking. Umkhiqizo yabekwa umusi-igesi futhi pre-indlu. Ngokwesibonelo, ngokuhamba ingenela uwoyela, umthombo okuyinto uwoyela noma amalahle. Lapho ziphuzo zazihluzwa wenziwa nge umusi, absorber ahlukaniswe. Hydrotreating ka-benzene ongahluziwe kusiza khulula kusuka izinto ezingadingekile.

amalahle itiyela izinto zokusetshenziswa

Ngo yokusansimbi usebenzisa amalahle, futhi uma colisisa - ziphuzo zazihluzwa yayo ezomile wanika coke. Phakathi nale nqubo, kungagcini air. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi lokushisa 1200-1500 Celsius amalahle ashisayo.

Carbon Chemistry benzene kudinga ukuhlanzwa ngokuphelele. Udinga ukuqeda saziso kusuka methyl cyclohexane nomngane wakhe n-heptane. hydrocarbon ayegcwele kumele zisuswe. Benzene ukuba le nqubo yokuzihlukanisa, ukuhlanzwa, okuyinto oyokwenziwa ngaphezu kwesikhathi esisodwa.

Indlela okuchazwe ngenhla, omdala, kodwa ngemva kwesikhathi nje leyo ndawo ilahlekelwa isikhundla salo esiphakeme.

petroleum amafraktjhini

0.3-1.2% - lezi zibalo iqhawe lethu amafutha ingelashwa. ukusebenza Dabukisa ukutshala kanye nezimali amabutho. Kungcono ukusebenzisa inqubo zezimboni ukubhekisiswa uwoyela izingxenyana zaso. Lokho okhanda amanye amathuba ukuguqula. Ephambi kwezinduna amplifier aluminium--platinum-rhenium ethola amaphesenti okwandisa carbohydrate elimnandi, futhi kwandisa inkomba ngokuchaza izici akazibekanga okhela fuel ngesikhathi kokucindezelwa yayo.

pyrolysis resin

Uma thina kukhishwe ekungalayishweni petroleum eluhlaza okuqinile, okungukuthi ngu pyrolysis okuphumela ukukhiqizwa propylene futhi ethylene, ukuthi le ndlela kungaba efaneleka kakhulu. Ukuze enembile, benzene ukhululeka pyrocondensate. Noqhekeko lamasheya ethile idinga hydrotreating. Lapho ukuhlanza isibabule unsaturated ingxube okwesikhashana. Umphumela kokuqala lokuqukethwe waphawula xylene, toluene, benzene. Ngokusebenzisa ukushayela okuyinto ekstaktivnym, BTK iqembu-eyatholakala futhi ahlukaniswe benzene.

hydrodealkylation ka toluene

Primary Heroes inqubo cocktail hydrogen ukugeleza futhi toluene ezidla phakathi ophendulayo eshubile. Toluene waphasiswa ngokusebenzisa ungqimba kulethe. Kule nqubo, iqembu methyl ahlukaniswa ukwakha benzene. Lapho kufanelekile ngendlela ethile zokuhlanjululwa. Umphumela into ephezulu msulwa (nitration).

toluene disproportionation

Ngenxa yalokho isigaba methyl kwenqatshwa yakhiwa ekudalweni-benzene, xylene is oxidized. Kule nqubo, kuye kwaphawulwa transalkylation. Isenzo kungenxa catalyzing palladium, platinum kanye neodymium, okuyizinto alumina.

I ophendulayo olumelana ukwakheka kulethe ne-hydrogen ihlinzekwa taluol. Umgomo wakhe - ukugcina sebethule ku ekwandeni hydrocarbon ukuguqulwa indiza. Ukusakaza ukuthi akube kusakhulunywa ngaye ophendulayo is selehlile ne-hydrogen kabusha isuswe ngokuphepha. Okusele, it is distilled kathathu. Ngesikhathi sokuqala esiteji kuhoxiswe izakhi non-elimnandi. Eyesibili ukhiqiza-benzene, futhi isinyathelo sokugcina - kudingeka kuhlinzekwe isamba sika xylenes.

trimerization ka acetylene

Ngenxa umsebenzi wemithi French ngokomzimba noMarcellin Berthelot kusukela acetylene womshini steel benzene. Kodwa-ke wema cocktail esindayo ezinye izakhi eziningi. Umbuzo wawuwukuthi indlela yokunciphisa izinga lokushisa ukuphendula. Impendulo etholwe kuphela forties ngasekupheleni kwekhulu XX. W. Reppe wathola kulethe efanelekayo, kwaba ne-nickel. Trimerization - ukhetho kuphela okuthola benzene acetylene.

benzene kumiswa kwenzeka nge namalahle isebenze. Ngezinye yamazinga aphezulu okungabi ukushisa phezu kwamalahle sihamba acetylene. Benzene ikhishwe uma izinga lokushisa okungenani 410 degrees. Ngakho namanje ozalwa hydrocarbon ahlukahlukene elimnandi. Ngakho-ke, kudingeka imishini okuhle, uyakwazi acetylene qualitatively ecacile. Kwenye inqubo isikhathi esiningi ezifana trimerization ka acetylene washisa eziningi. Ukuze uthole 15 ml-benzene, 20 amalitha esithathwayo acetylene. Ungabona kanjani esibukeka ngayo ifomula (acetylene, benzene), ukusabela akuthathi isikhathi eside.

3C2H2 → C6H6 (Zelinsky kwesibalo).

3CH → CH = (t kat) = C6H6.

Lapho ukusebenzisa benzene

Benzene - kungcono zithandwa brainchild kwamakhemikhali. Ikakhulukazi ngokuvamile kuye kwaphawulwa njengoba benzene wathola inkonzo enkulu ekwakhekeni cumene, cyclohexane, ethylbenzene. Ukwakha styrene ethylbenzene ngeke akwenze ngaphandle. Indaba kokuqala ukuze aveze caprolactam kuyinto cyclohexane. Ngokwenza resin Thermoplastic esetshenziswayo caprolactam. Uchaza into esisemqoka ekwakhekeni upende ahlukahlukene, varnishes.

Indlela ye-benzene esiyingozi

Benzene - ikhemikhali enobuthi. Ukubonakaliswa imizwa umkhuhlane, okuyinto kuhambisana nesicanucanu isiyezi - uphawu ubuthi. It is hhayi ngaphandle ngisho nokufa. Siba nomuzwa yenjabulo engachazeki - ke akukanciphi alamu izinsimbi uma ubuthi by-benzene.

Benzene liquid kubangela isikhumba ukucasuka. Benzene imibhangqwana kalula zingene ngisho ngokusebenzisa isikhumba njengoba yayinjalo. Ngesikhathi kakhulu contact yesikhathi esifushane ngalolu ketshezi in umthamo ezincane, kodwa njalo, nemiphumela ebuhlungu ukuthi kuzothatha isikhathi eside ukulinda. Lokhu kungaba wegazi umnkantsha futhi nemvelo acute zezinhlobo ezahlukene.

On top of ukuthi imfuyo umlutha kubantu. Benzene uba Dope. Kusukela intuthu kagwayi uphendulela hlalani umkhiqizo. yafunda ikhodi ke wafinyelela esiphethweni ukuthi okuqukethwe wale mithandazo akuphephile abantu. Kwatholakala ngaphezu khona nicotine ngisho khona elimnandi carbohydrate uhlobo benzopyrene. Hallmark benzpyrene kukhona carcinogens. Effect banayo yingozi kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, umdlavuza.

Ngaphandle kokwehluka osekushiwo, benzene kuyinto indaba kokuqala ukwenziwa imithi ehlukahlukene, epulasitikini, zokwenziwa, injoloba kanye, yebo, zombala. Lona ingane ezivamile yamakhemikhali neyezinto i egcekeni elimnandi.