Semenov Nikolay Nikolaevich: Biography, umsebenzi yesayensi

Semenov UNikolai - eyaziwa Soviet Chemical, okuyinto ingenye abasunguli Chemical Physics. Futhi, iqhawe kwethu kwakuyimpendulo academician we-Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

kweminyaka engu

Usosayensi esizayo wazalelwa emzini Russian zaseSaratov ngo-Ephreli 1896. Nicholas iziqu Saratov esikoleni sangempela ngo-1913, igama lakhe labizwa langena ebhodini igolide. Phakathi nokuqeqeshwa, umfana ehlangana uVladimir Karmilovym - Uthisha akhe kanye nomngani wakhe. Nguye asekelwe Semenov intshiseko ukuba anikezele ukuphila kwakhe ukuze isayensi. Ubungane babo, basusa unyaka wonke. Ehlobo lika-1913 Semenov UNikolai ifika Petrograd University e-Physics and Mathematics Faculty. Nikolay Aleksandrovich Semenov wayeyindoda lempi futhi ngacabanga ukuthi indodana yakhe futhi ngazinikezela lo msebenzi. Lapho engena inyuvesi, kwakukhona ukuhlukana emkhayeni, eyathatha iminyaka eminingi. Kusukela ngonyaka ka-Ucwaningo lwesibili, leyo nsizwa yaba emkhakheni wokucwaninga sina beqondiswa A. Joffe esitatimendeni. Wabuye wabhala eziningana amaphepha isayensi mayelana ama-athomu nezinhlayiyana ezincane. Ngo-1917 wathola iziqu zaseyunivesithi futhi wathola i-diploma ye-degree kuqala. Semenov Nikolay Nikolaevich bahlala esikolweni, wangena nabo professorial (owayephila eziqu).

ihhovisi

Biography semenova Nikolaya Nikolaevicha kwenza ithuba elisha lapho ngo-1918 waya Samara ukuvakashela abazali bakhe. Fika lapho, ethola ukuvukela kwezinceku eyayinabantu baseCzechoslovakia Corps. Ehlobo lika-1918, iziphathimandla e Samara ashaqe SRS. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, u-Nicholas ibizwa ngokuthi ukuba abe isosha sokuzithandela ibutho eqembu iWhite Guard. Kube wakhonza amasonto amathathu kuphela ngubhongoza wezikhali ibhethri. Ukuphila okunjalo iDemo ngenxa yokuthi izindaba weza ngokushesha ukuthi uyise ugula ubangwa sina. Le nsizwa yaba ukuhamba, kodwa uyise nalapho afike ashonela khona.

saseTomsk

Ngemva kwalokho, u-Nicholas wanquma ukubuyela endaweni yempi, kodwa kungadluli waya saseTomsk, owawungumnyaka campus eliseduze. Cishe eminyakeni emibili yokuphila kwakhe wachitha lapha usosayensi ukusebenza e-University futhi Institute of Technology. Nokho, ngokusebenzisa isikhathi, ososayensi baye nesinedolo ibutho Kolchak sika. Wayesesimweni Ibutho wezikhali, kodwa ngokushesha wayiswa radiobatalon sibonga ukuphikelela nozakwabo. Ngemva kwalokho, wakwazi ukuqhubeka nezifundo zakhe e-Institute of Technology. Ebusika 1919 edolobheni ashaqe iRed Army. Lokhu kwaholela yokuthi Semenov waxoshwa, ngemva kwalokho aqhubeka khona nomsebenzi wakhe ucwaningo nokufundisa.

Izimemo Joffe esitatimendeni

Entwasahlobo ka-1920, uNikolai Semenov, ogama biography kwenza omunye kungavelani esingayilindele, wabuyela Petrograd ngokumenywa umngane wakhe Joffe esitatimendeni, ngaleso sikhathi wadala Physical-Technical Institute radiology. Semenov waba ikhanda elabhorethri imihlola ngogesi, futhi ngemva kwesikhashana wakhonza njengombonisi lomqondisi we Physico-Technical Institute. Bekanye P. Kapitsa hero yethu inikeza emhlabeni yesayensi ngendlela entsha yokulinganisa kazibuthe athomu ensimini nonuniform. Indlela efanayo ngenkuthalo ekuthuthukiseni abanye ososayensi ababili O. Stern futhi W. Gerlach. Ngo-1928, Nikolay Semenov wathola isihloko uprofesa wesayensi Leningrad Polytechnic Institute. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, wahloma iinqhema zokuthoma Isikhungo Chemical Physics bese kuba umqondisi walo unomphela kuze izinsuku zakhe zokugcina. Eqinisweni ethandekayo ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemva kokumiswa kwale nyuvesi, wathunyelwa eMoscow.

Ngokushesha lo profesa iba yilungu Academy of Sciences of USSR, futhi ngo-1932 - ilungu layo langempela. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, wakhipha umqulu wokulandisa onesihloko esithi "Chemical kinetics futhi Chain Ukusabela", lapho agumenti ukufakazela ukuba khona kwamandla ukusabela chain.

impi

Nikolay Semenov - ikhemikhali ukuthi kufanelekile esimweni sabo, ngisho phakathi nempi. Ngo-1941, yena zayiswa Kazan, lapho icala wazisingatha ukuqhuma futhi esivuthayo. Ngokushesha wabuyela enhloko-dolobha futhi ngaqala ukusebenza njengomeluleki womfundisi eMoscow State University. abasebenzi University kakhulu bamukela abandayo emphakathini wabo semenova. Ngawo lowo nyaka esehlela uMnyango kinetics zamakhemikhali, iholwa eminyakeni engu-40 ezayo.

Moscow Isikhungo Physics Nobuchwepheshe

Ngo-1946, wahlela kanye P. Kapitsa isikhungo yalezi Semenov kanyekanye uba yayo wabasunguli futhi umqondisi yesayensi Faculty of Chemistry. Eminyakeni eyishumi zokuphila kwakhe (1940-1950), yena uyilungu elisebenzayo futhi isisebenzi yephrojekthi Soviet athomu. Ngo-1947, Semenov Nikolay ingena ezinhlwini CPSU. Kusukela ngo-1961 kuya ku-1966 wayeyilungu ozobhapathizwa CC, kanye izikhathi 3 waba yiphini uMkhandlu Ophakeme. Ngo-1966 wakhethwa oyiphini 7 nomhlangano yasesiFundeni # 512.

Usosayensi wayengomunye walaba abaphikisi sokusongela kwempi yenuzi. Esikoleni sakhe yesayensi zihlanganisa osokhemisi zesayensi ezifana Ya Zel'dovich, Yu Chariton, N. Emanuel. Lona wangcwaba isazi omkhulu enhloko-dolobha Russian ngesikhathi Novodevichy Amathuna. Washona kusukela azifele ekwindla ka-1986.

kwezesayensi

Nikolay Semenov, Biography emfushane okuyisihloko kwalesi sihloko, bathole okuningi okuwusizo ngokwesayensi. The main wabo ezihlobene ezishisayo ukuqhuma ithiyori, amandla omlilo igesi Izingxube futhi inkolelo-mbono yokuziphendukela uchungechunge ukusabela kwamakhemikhali. Inkinga yokuqala enkulu kwakuyinkinga amagesi usosayensi ionization. Yena uyabandakanyeka isihloko ukuwohloka Kwe-dielectric Heating, okuyinto kamuva bamyisa ukudala ukuwohloka ezishisayo kwemfundiso yokuziphendukela. It yaba isisekelo sezinguqulo ezishisayo ukuthungela theory. Konke lokhu kwakumenza akwazi ukuthutha nodaba detonation obhubhisayo esivuthayo.

Bekanye Kapitza yesayensi olwenziwa ucwaningo, esangenza ukubala ukuphambuka ugongolo zama-athomu paramagnetic e inkambu inhomogeneous. Nge Yu Khariton wakwazi ukubona izinga lokushisa ukufingqa kanye kwabantu bayo ezibucayi.

I usosayensi odumile kakhulu usezuze ngokusebenzisa kakhulu inkolelo yakhe yokuziphendukela uchungechunge ukusabela. Ngemva nje kancane kwalokho waba olukhulu uchungechunge inqubo, ecaphuna inombolo yama-agumenti. Ukutholakala kwalezi zinto Uvule khathizwe entsha bamakhemikhali zezemfundo. Nge Shilov ube esebonisa ukuhlobana izinqubo amandla kanye nokuthuthukiswa uchungechunge ukusabela. Ngo-1956, Semenov waklonyeliswa uMklomelo KaNobel Chemistry. Futhi-ke, nguye umbhali wencwadi ethi "Lo mkhuba iketango amandla ekhelini e zamakhemikhali."

Nikolay Semenov, ngubani iphepha isithombe, indlela kucaciswa athi umile lokuhlala neBodenstein. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, le ndlela kwaba okuwukuphela kwesisekelo izibalo kinetic practice. umsebenzi ngalinye usosayensi enikelwe isihloko izinqubo okhanda amanye amathuba. Wachaza ukuthi imfundiso yokuziphendukela catalysis heterogeneous nge Vol'kenshtein F. noB wesifundazwe.

umndeni

Semenov Nikolay Nikolaevich wakhulela emndenini ehlonipheke kakhulu. Njengoba vele sesiyazi, uyise owayeyisiphathimandla. Ngemva kokuthatha umhlalaphansi wasebenza umabhalane, futhi kamuva waba ikhansela isimo futhi wathola ukuhlonipheka siqu. Umama wemithi U-Elena kwadingeka imisuka ahlukile. Umkhulu Nikolaya semenova komama Tsarskoye Selo kwaba umsebenzi.

iqhawe lethu wayeshadile ngo-1921 kuya umbhali isazi, uprofesa Petrograd University futhi engumhumushi Dante Mary Isidorovne Boreyshe-Liverovskii. Kuvele Eqinisweni ezithakazelisayo ukuthi owesifazane eke wayevele izingane ezine kusukela kumuntu yakhe yokuqala wayemdala kakhulu umngane wakhe. Emva kweminyaka emibili ukuphila okujabulisayo ndawonye uMariya Isidorovna wabulawa isifo somdlavuza. Ngemva konyaka, usosayensi ashade Natale Burtsevoy - Umshana umkakhe. Lo mshado waphumelela kakhulu, njengoba umbhangqwana wanika izingane ezimbili ezimangalisayo: Ludmilla futhi Yuri. Ngo-1971, Semenov Nikolay ezifuywa ukuxhuma ekuphileni wabasizi bakhe. Umshado odlule kwaba, njengezakuqala, nangane.

Kufinyeta isihloko, kungashiwo ukuthi umsebenzi nesipiliyoni Nikolaya semenova baba nesisekelo esiqinile ukuze kuqhutshekwe nocwaningo kanye nokuthuthukiswa isayensi yamakhemikhali. umsebenzi Usosayensi laphawulwa uhlu imiklomelo ukuthi uye wathola ngomsebenzi wabo onzima futhi imibono.