I-Nobel Prize eKhemistry. I-Nobel Prize Laureates eKhemistry

I-Nobel Prize eKhemistry inikezwa kusukela ngo-1901. Owokuqala wabadlali bakhe nguJakobe Vant-Goff. Lo ososayensi wathola umklomelo wemithetho ye-osmotic ingcindezi namandla amakhemikhali atholakale nguye. Yiqiniso, akunakwenzeka ukutshela ngabo bonke abawinile ekuhloleni kwesinye isihloko. Sizokhuluma ngabantu abadume kakhulu, futhi nalabo abaye banikezwa iNobel Prize eKemistry eminyakeni embalwa edlule.

U-Ernest Rutherford

Omunye wamakhemikhali odume kakhulu u-Ernest Rutherford. Wathola umklomelo weNobel ngo-1908 ukuze aphenye ukubola kwezinto ezithinta izinto ezinomsakazo. Iminyaka yokuphila yalososayensi yi-1871-1937. Ungumsizi we-English physic and chemist owazalwa eNew Zealand. Ngenxa yokuphumelela kwakhe ngesikhathi esifundweni sakhe eNelson College, wathola isifundo esamvumela ukuba aye eKristchurch, idolobhana laseNew Zealand lapho kwakungekho iCanterbury College. Ngo-1894, uRutherford waba umsizi wezesayensi yemvelo. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, usosayensi wanikezwa isifundo se-England, eCambridge University futhi sathuthela kuleli zwe.

Ngo-1898, uRutherford waqala ukwenza ukuhlolwa okubalulekile okuhlobene nokukhishwa kwemisebe ye-uranium. Ngemva kwesikhashana, wathola izinhlobo ezimbili zomusa wakhe: ama-alpha nemisebe ye-beta. Owokuqala ungena kuphela ibanga elifushane, futhi okwesibili - okuningi okuningi. Ngemva kwesikhashana, uRutherford wathola ukuthi i-thorium iveza umkhiqizo okhethekile we-radioactive gaseous. Wabiza lo mkhuba "ukuphuma" (ukukhishwa).

Ucwaningo olusha luye lwabonisa ukuthi i-actinium ne-radium nazo zenza ukuphuma. URutherford, ngesisekelo salokho akuthola, wafinyelela eziphethweni ezibalulekile. Uthole ukuthi imilayezo ye-alpha ne-beta ikhishwa zonke izakhi zomsakazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-radioactivity yabo iyancipha ngemva kwesikhathi esithile. Ngokususelwa ekutholeni, ukucabanga okubalulekile kungenziwa. Zonke izakhi zomsakazo ezaziwa yizesayensi, njengoba isazi sesiphelile, zifakwe emndenini owodwa wama-athomu, futhi ukwehla kokusakazwa komzimba kungathathwa njengesizathu sokuhlelwa kwabo.

UMaria Curie (Sklodowska)

Owesifazane wokuqala owawunikezwa iNobel Prize eKhemistry kwaba nguMaria Curie. Lo mcimbi obalulekile wesayensi kwenzeka ngo-1911. I-Nobel Prize eKemistry yanikezwa yona ngokuthola i-polonium ne-radium, ukuhlukaniswa kwe-radium, kanye nokutadisha ama-compounds kanye nesimo sezinto zokugcina. UMaria wazalelwa ePoland, ngemva kwesikhathi esathuthela eFrance. Iminyaka yokuphila kwakhe - 1867-1934. I-Curie yanqoba umklomelo weNobel hhayi kuphela emakhemikhali, kodwa futhi nase-physics (ngo-1903, kanye noPerre Curie noHenry Becquerel).

UMarie Curie kwadingeka abhekane neqiniso lokuthi abesifazane ngesikhathi sakhe bevalile ukuvulwa indlela eya kwisayensi. Abazange bavunyelwe eNyuvesi yaseWarsaw. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umndeni wakwaCurie wawumpofu. Nokho, uMaria wakwazi ukuthola imfundo ephakeme eParis.

Impumelelo ebaluleke kakhulu kaMaria Curie

UHenri Becquerel ngo-1896 wathola ukuthi amagciwane e-uranium akhipha imisebe engakwazi ukungena ngokujulile. Imisebe kaBacquerl, ngokungafani neV. V. Roentgen evulekile ngo-1895, kwakungewona umphumela wokuzijabulisa komunye umthombo wangaphandle. Kwakuyimpahla yangaphakathi ye-uranium. UMaria wayenesithakazelo kulokhu okwenzekayo. Ekuqaleni kuka-1898, waqala ukuyifunda. Umcwaningi wazama ukunquma ukuthi kukhona yini ezinye izinto ezikwazi ukukhipha le mibala. Ngo-December 1898, uPeter noMarius Curie bathola izinto ezimbili ezintsha. Babebizwa ngokuthi i-radium ne-polonium (ngokuhlonipha indawo yokuzalwa kaMariya wasePoland). Emva kwalokhu, umsebenzi waqhubeka ngokuzihlukanisa nokufunda ngezakhiwo zabo. Ngo-1910, kanye no-Andre Deborn, uMaria wakhetha i-radium metallic ngendlela ehlanzekile. Ngakho-ke, umjikelezo wocwaningo owaqala eminyakeni engu-12 eyedlule wagcwaliswa.

ULinus Karl Pauling

Lo muntu ungomunye wamakhemikhali amakhulu kakhulu. Wathola umklomelo weNobel ngo-1954 ngokutadisha uhlobo lokubophezelwa kwamakhemikhali, kanye nokuwasebenzisa ukucacisa isakhiwo samakhemikhali.

Iminyaka yokuphila kukaPaul is 1901-1994. Wazalelwa e-US, e-Oregon (ePortland). Njengoba umcwaningi ekhuluma isikhathi eside wafunda i-X-ray crystallography. Wayenesithakazelo ukuthi imilayezo idlula kanjani i-crystal futhi iphethini yesici ivela. Ngokusho kwalesi sibalo, kwakunokwenzeka ukunquma isakhiwo se-athomu sezinto ezihambelanayo. Esebenzisa le ndlela, usosayensi wahlola uhlobo lwezibopho ku-benzene, nakwezinye izinhlanganisela ezinomsoco.

Ngo-1928 uPaul wakha inkolelo ye-hybridization (resonance) yezibopho zamakhemikhali, ezenzeka ezinkanjeni ezinamakha. Ngo-1934, usosayensi wagxila ekujuleni kwezinto eziphilayo, ikakhulukazi i-biochemistry yamaprotheni. Kanye no-A. Mirski, wadala inkolelo yomsebenzi nesakhiwo seprotheyini. Kanye noCharles Corwell, lo usosayensi wahlola umphumela we-oksijeni saturation (oxygenation) ezindaweni eziphezulu zamaprotheni we-hemoglobin. Ngo-1942, umcwaningi wakwazi ukushintsha isakhi samakhemikhali we-globulins (amaprotheni aqukethwe egazini). Ngo-1951, uPauling, kanye noR. R. Corey, banyathelisa iphephandaba ngesakhiwo samangqamuzana amaprotheni. Kwakuwumphumela womsebenzi owawuhlala iminyaka engu-14. Ukusebenzisa i-X-ray crystallography ukutadisha amaprotheni emisipha, izinwele, izinwele, izipikili nezinye izicubu, ososayensi baye benza ukutholakala okubalulekile. Bathola ukuthi emaprotheni amaketanga ama-amino acids aphikisiwe abe ngumoya. Lokhu kuye kwaba inqubekela phambili enhle ku-biochemistry.

S. Hinshelwood noN. Semenov

Cishe ufuna ukwazi ukuthi kunezikhwama zaseRashiya Zomklomelo we-Nobel ekhemistry. Nakuba abanye bethu bakithi bakhethwa kulo mvuzo, nguN. Semenov kuphela owawuthola. Kanye neHinshelwood, wanikezwa umklomelo wocwaningo mayelana nendlela yokwenziwa kwamakhemikhali ngo-1956.

Hinshelwood - ososayensi waseNgisi (iminyaka yokuphila - 1897-1967). Umsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko wawuxhunywe nokucubungula kokuphendula kweketheni. Uhlolisise ukuhlaziywa okufanayo, kanye nendlela yokwenza lolu hlobo.

Semenov Nikolai Nikolaevich (iminyaka yokuphila - 1896-1986) - Isazi samakhemikhali waseRussia kanye nesayensi yemvelo ekuqaleni kwaseSaratov. Inkinga yokuqala yesayensi eyamthakazelisa yi-ionization yegesi. Usosayensi, ngenkathi engumfundi eyunivesithi, wabhala isihloko sokuqala mayelana nokushayisana phakathi kwama-molecule nama-electron. Ngemva kwesikhashana waqala ukutadisha ngokujulile izinqubo zokuqothula nokuhlukaniswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayenesithakazelo kuzici ze-molecular of condensation kanye ne-vapor adsorption ezenzeka endaweni eqinile. Ukuphenywa okwenziwe nguye kwenza kube lula ukuthola ubudlelwane phakathi kokushisa kwendawo lapho ukuvuthwa kwenzeka khona kanye nobukhulu bomoya. Ngo-1934, usosayensi washicilela iphephandaba lapho efakazela ukuthi inqwaba yokuphendula, kuhlanganise nokupholisa umzimba, iqhubeka ngendlela ye-branched noma chain chain reaction.

URobert Burns Woodward

Bonke abaphumelele kwiNobel Prize emakhemikhali baye bafaka isandla kakhulu kwisayensi, kodwa uRobert Woodward uvelele kakhulu phakathi kwabo. Ukuphumelela kwakhe kubaluleke kakhulu namuhla. Lo usosayensi wanikezwa umklomelo weNobel ngo-1965. Wamukelisela umnikelo wakhe emkhakheni wezinto eziphilayo. Iminyaka yokuphila kaRobert - 1917-1979. Wazalelwa e-US, edolobheni laseBoston lase-US, eMassachusetts.

Ukuphumelela kokuqala emkhakheni wezakhemikhali uWoldward ozibophezele ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yesibili, lapho engumxhumanisi ku-Polaroid Corporation eqinile. Ngenxa yempi, i-quinine yahluleka. Lesi sidakamizwa se-anti-malaria, esasetshenziswa futhi ekukhiqizeni amalensi. UWoldward noWilliam Doering, osebenza naye, abanezinto ezikhona kalula nemishini ejwayelekile, emva kwezinyanga ezingu-14 zomsebenzi benza ukuhlanganiswa kwe-quinine.

Ngemva kweminyaka engu-3, kanye no-Schramm, lo ososayensi wadala i-analog protein ngokuxhuma uchungechunge olude lwezixhumanisi ze-amino acid. Ama-polypeptides okuvela kulokhu asetshenziselwa ukwakhiwa kwama-antibiotics nama-plastiki. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngosizo lwabo, i-metabolism yamaprotheni yaqala ukutadisha. U-Woodward ngo-1951 waqala ukusebenza nge-synthesis steroids. Phakathi kwamakhemikhali atholakala kwakuyi-lanosterol, i-chlorophyll, i-reserpine, i- lysergic acid, i- vitamin B12, i-colchicine, i-prostaglandin F2a. Ngemuva kwalokho, eziningi zezinhlanganisela yena nabasebenzi beSiba Corporation Institute, umqondisi wakhe, wayesebenzisa embonini. UNefalosporin C wayengomunye wabaluleke kakhulu kubo. I-antibiotic efana ne-penicillin, esetshenziselwa ukulwa nezifo ezithathelwanayo ezibangelwa amagciwane.

Uhlu lwethu lweNobel Prize laureates ekhemistry luzogcwaliswa ngamagama ososayensi abanikeze wona ngekhulu lama-21, eminyakeni eyishumi leminyaka.

A. Suzuki, E. Negishi, R. Heck

Laba baphenyi bavuzwa ngokuthuthukisa izindlela ezintsha zokuxhuma ndawonye ama-athomu e-carbon ukuze enze ama-molecule aqinile. Banikezwe umklomelo weNobel eKhemistry 2010. I-Heck neNegishi yiMelika, kanti u-Akiro Suzuki uyisakhamuzi saseJapane. Umgomo wabo kwakungukudala ama-molecule ahlukahlukene. Esikoleni, sifunda ukuthi ama-organic compounds anezinhlayiya ze-carbon ezibunjwa ezakha ama-skeleton we-molecule. Sekuyisikhathi eside inkinga yabososayensi ukuthi ama-athomu e-carbon ahlobene kakhulu namanye ama-athomu. Ngenxa yesikhombi esenziwe nge-palladium, kwakungenzeka ukuxazulula le nkinga. Ngaphansi kwesenzo se-catalyst, ama-athomu e-carbon aqala ukusebenzisana, okwakhiwa izakhi eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lezi zinqubo futhi wafunda abaphumelele kwiNobel Prize ekhemistry kulo nyaka. Cishe kanyekanye, kwenziwa ukuphendula, okubizwa ngokuthi udumo lwalaba ososayensi.

R. Lefkowitz, uMnu. Karplus, uB. Kobilka

I-Lefkowitz (evezwe ngenhla), uKobilka noKarplus - yibo abathola iNobel Prize eKhemistry ngo-2012. Umklomelo waya kwababathathu kulaba ososayensi ngokutadisha ama-receptors ama-G-protein ahlangene. URobert Lefkowitz ungumakhelwane wase-United States owazalwa ngo-Ephreli 15, 1943. Iningi locwaningo lwakhe lunikezelwe emsebenzini wezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuguqulwa kwezimpawu zabo. I-Lefkowitz ichaze ngokuningiliziwe izici zokusebenza, isakhiwo nokulandelana kwe-β-adrenergic receptors, kanye nezinhlobo ezimbili zamaprotheni okulawula: β-arestin nama-GRK-kinases. Lo ososayensi ngawo-1980, kanye nabalingani bakhe, basebenzela isakhi esithintekayo ekusebenzeni kwe-β-adrenergic receptor.

B. Kobilka ungumdabu wase-United States. Wazalelwa e-Little Falls, e-Minnesota. Ngemva kokuphothula iziqu, umcwaningi wasebenza ngaphansi kokuqondiswa kweLefkowitz.

I-Nobel Prize eKhemistry 2012 nayo yanikezwa uMnu Karplus. Wazalelwa eVienna ngo-1930. UCarplus wayengumzukulu womndeni wamaJuda, okwadingeka athuthele e-US, ebalekela ukushushiswa kwamaNazi. Insimu enkulu yokucwaninga yalososayensi kwakuyi-nuclear magnetic spectroscopy, i-quantum chemistry kanye ne-kinetics yezinqubo zamakhemikhali.

M. Karplus, M. Levitt, A. Worchel

Ake sibuyele kulabo abawinile umklomelo ka-2013. Ososayensi uKarplus (okufanekiselwe ngezansi), i-Worchel ne-Levitt bayitholile ngamamodeli amahlelo amakhemikhali ahlukene.

UMadiitt wazalelwa eNingizimu Afrika ngo-1947. Lapho eneminyaka engu-16, umndeni kaMichael wathuthela e-UK. ELondon, wangena eRoyal College ngo-1967, wabe eseqhubeka nezifundo zakhe eCambridge University. Umsebenzi wakhe kuyi-Laboratory of Biology Biology kule nyuvesi ihlotshaniswa nokudalwa kwamamodeli ezinhlaka zendawo ye-tRNA. UMichael ubhekwa njengomunye wabasunguli bezindlela zokwenza ikhompiyutha futhi ahlolisise izinhlaka zama-molecule ahlukahlukene (ikakhulukazi amaprotheni).

I-Nobel Prize eKhemistry 2013 nayo yanikezwa ku-Ari Worshel. Wazalelwa ePalestina ngo-1940. Ngo-1958-62 iminyaka. Wasebenzisa isikhundla senkosikazi ku-IDF, wabe eseqala ukuqeqesha e-Jerusalem Institute. Ngo-1970-72 iminyaka. Wasebenza e-Weizmann Institute njengomprofesa osizayo, futhi kusukela ngo-1991 waba profesa we-biology kanye ne-chemistry e-Southern California. I-Worchell ibhekwa njengomunye wabadali be-enzymology ye-computing - isigaba se-biology. Wafunda izindlela kanye nesakhiwo sokwenza izinto, kanye nesakhiwo se-molecular enzyme.

Sh. Hell, E. Betzig noWer Merner

I-Nobel Prize eKhemistry ngo-2014 yanikezwa uMerner, iBetzig noHella. Laba ososayensi baye badala izindlela ezintsha zokubheka izinto ezincane, okwedlulele amathuba okukhanya kwe-microscope okukhanya esijwayele. Imiphumela yomsebenzi wabo isenza sicabangele izindlela zama-molecule ngaphakathi kwamaseli eziphilayo eziphilayo. Isibonelo, ngenxa yalezi zindlela, kuba lula ukuqapha ukuziphatha kwamaprotheni aphethwe yizifo ze-Parkinson no-Alzheimer's. Njengamanje, ucwaningo lwaba ososayensi luyasetshenziswa kakhulu kwisayensi nasemithi.

Isihogo sazalwa ngo-1962 eRomania. Manje useyisakhamuzi saseJalimane. U-Eric Betzig wazalwa ngo-1960 esifundazweni saseMichigan. UWilliam Merner wazalwa ngo-1953 eCalifornia.

Isihogo sisebenze ku-microscopy e-STED ekukhusheni okukhishwe ngokuzenzakalelayo kusukela ngawo-1990. I-laser yokuqala kuyo injabulo ngaphambi kokubonakala kokukhanya kwe-fluorescent okutholwe ngumamukeli. Enye i-laser isetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa amandla okuxazulula kwedivayisi. UMerner noBetzig, ozakwabo baseGehena, benza ucwaningo lwabo ngokuzimela, wabeka isisekelo somunye uhlobo lwe-microscopy. Umbuzo we-microscopy yama-molecule ahlukile.

UT. Lindahl, uP. Modric no-Aziz Sanjar

I-Nobel Prize eKhemistry ngo-2015 yanikezwa iSweden Lindal, i-American Modric neTurk Sanjar. Ososayensi abahlanganyela umklomelo phakathi kwabo bazichaza ngokuzimela futhi bachaze izindlela ukuthi amangqamuzana "avuselele" ngayo i-DNA futhi avikele ulwazi lwezofuzo emonakalweni. Kungenxa yalokhu ukuthi wanikezwa umklomelo weNobel eKhemistry ngo-2015.

Umphakathi wesayensi ngawo-1960 wawuqiniseka ukuthi lezi zinqamuzana zinamandla kakhulu futhi zihlala zingaguquki kuzo zonke izimpilo zabo. Ukukhipha uphenyo esikhungweni se-Karolinsky, isazi samakhemikhali uLindahl (1938 wokuzalwa) sibonise, ukuthi emsebenzini we-DNA amaphutha amaningi aqoqa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kumele kube nemikhakha yemvelo lapho ama-molecule e-DNA "ahleliwe". ULindahl ngo-1974 wathola i-enzyme esusa i-cytosine eyonakalisiwe kubo. Ngomnyaka we-1980-90, isazi sesayensi esasithuthela e-UK ngaleso sikhathi sabonisa ukuthi i-glycosylase isebenza kanjani. Leli qembu elikhethekile lama-enzyme eyenza umsebenzi esigabeni sokuqala sokulungisa i-DNA. Usosayensi wakwazi ukukhiqiza kule laboratory le nqubo (okuthiwa "ukulungisa ukukhwabanisa").

Amanye ama-winner of the Nobel Prize Chemistry ka-2015 nawo afanele ukunakekelwa. U-Aziz Sanjar wazalelwa ngo-1946 eTurkey. Wathola idiploma kadokotela e-Istanbul, ngemva kwalokho wasebenza iminyaka eminingana njengodokotela wasezindaweni zasemakhaya. Nokho, ngo-1973, u-Aziz waba nesithakazelo kwizinto eziphilayo. Usosayensi wamangala ngokuthi emva kokuthola umthamo we-ultraviolet, okuyinto ebulalayo kubo, amabhaktheriya alulame amandla abo ngokushesha, uma ukuxilisa kuqhutshwa ebangeni elihlaza okwesibonakala. Sekuvele e-laboratory eTexas, i-Sanjar ihlonze futhi ihlanganisa igciwane le-enzyme, elibhekene nokuqeda umonakalo kusuka ku-ultraviolet (photolysis). Lokhu kutholakala eminyakeni yama-1970 akuzange kubangele isithakazelo esikhulu emanyuvesi aseMelika, futhi ososayensi waya eYale. Bekulapha lapho echaza isimiso sesibili sokulungisa "amangqamuzana" ngemva kokutholakala nemisebe ye-ultraviolet.

UPaul Modric (owazalwa ngo-1946) wazalelwa e-United States (eNew Mexico). Uthole indlela esebenzisa ngayo ukwahlukana kwamaseli, amaphutha avela ku-DNA ohlelweni lokuhlukaniswa alungiswa.

Ngakho, vele sesiyazi ukuthi ubani owinile uMklomelo KaNobel Chemistry in 2015. Akekho owaziyo abayobe ahlonishwe nale umklomelo ezilandelayo, 2016. Siyethemba esikhathini esizayo esiseduze ukwehlukanisa ososayensi isiRashiya, kuyoba entsha kaNobel Chemistry Prize yeRussia.