Ukushintsha kwamandla angaphakathi kusho ukuthini?

Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka, izazi ze-physics zacabanga ukuthi ukushisa kunqunywa ukutholakala kwamagesi wezinto ezingabonakali nezingenamsebenzi wokushisa. Imibono eminingi iye yafakwa phambili , ichaza ukunyakaza kwayo ngaphakathi kwendaba kanye naphakathi kwezinto ezahlukene. NguMv. Kuphela ULomonosov wakwazi ukuchaza uhlobo lwangempela lendaba, ukudala i-molecular-kinetic theory of gases. Ezingxabanweni zakhe kanye nezibalo, wakwazi ukufakazela ukuthi akukho ukushisa emvelweni. Ukushisa kuncike ngesivinini sokunyakaza okuxhumene kwama-molecule. Wethula umqondo wamandla angaphakathi, futhi wachaza ukuthi ushintsha kanjani inqubo yangempela.

Yiziphi izimpikiswano eziholela kuMV. I-Lomonosov ukuze kutholakale ubufakazi be-molecular-kinetic theory of gases

Ngemva kokusho okokuqala ukucabanga ukuthi akukho ukushisa emvelo, wahlangana nokuphikiswa okunamandla kusuka ososayensi abahloniphekile ngaleso sikhathi. Bonke babona ukuthi kukhona ukushisa, nomcwaningi wokuqala - cha. Khona-ke kwenye yomhlangano namafilimu aseJalimane naseBrithani okulandelayo kwashiwo: "Bathisha othandekayo. Ukushisa emzimbeni wenkomo kuvelaphi? Wadla utshani obubandayo, bese umzimba wakhe ufudumala kusuka ngaphakathi kokuthi amandla angaphakathi angashintsha. Uvelaphi? Futhi imvelaphi yokushisa emzimbeni ichazwa ukuthi utshani lunamandla amakhemikhali, okuyinto umzimba wesilwane uguqulwa kulokhu kushisa. Ngakho-ke, sibheke isimo sokudluliselwa kwamandla kusuka kwesinye izwe kuya kwesinye. " Walalelwa, wabuza imibuzo eminingi. Ngenxa yocwaningo, umthetho wezinguquko zamandla nawo wakhiwe (ubizwa nangokuthi umthetho wokulondoloza amandla), owawubonwa yibo bonke abakhona. Kamuva, iqoqo elincane lezingcaphuno liye lashicilelwa, okuyinto eyayiqala lapho i-theory-kinetic theory of gases yaqashelwa khona.

Yini eyanikeza abacwaningi umbono weMV. Lomonosov

Namuhla kubonakala sengathi ku-thermodynamics konke kunengqondo. Kodwa kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-250 idlule ukusuka ekucabangeni kokuqala kuze kube namuhla. Umcwaningi ongumFulentshi uJ. Charles wathola umthetho wokulinganisa ukucindezela kokunyuka nokushisa kwegesi okwandayo. Wabe esechaza ushintsho ngaphakathi kwamandla angaphakathi kagesi lapho evutha. Wathola indlela yakhe. Ucwaningo lwakhe eminyakeni engama-20, luqhubeka noGay-Lussac, owacwaninga ukushisa kwegesi ngokucindezela njalo. Wabukela njengoba isimo se-piston esingaphakathi kwe-cylinder ingilazi ngokushisa nokushisa. Lapha weza kakhulu ekutholeni umqondo wokuhlala njalo kwegesi. Akazange asebenzise ucwaningo uRobert Boyle enza eminyakeni engu-140 ngaphambili . Umsebenzi kuphela kaMariotte, owenziwe kamuva futhi owenziwe eMthethweni weBoyle-Mariott, wasiza uBenois Paul Emile Clapeyron ukuba enze umqondo wokuqala wokulinganisa isimo segesi elihle.

Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-40 D.I. UMendeleev wanezela ukulingana kombuso ngemiphumela yezifundo zakhe. Manje umthetho kaKliperon-Mendeleev uyisisekelo se-thermodynamics yezwe lonke. Usebenzisa izibalo ngokushintsha kwamandla angaphakathi kusukela ekushiseni kwegesi. Ukutholakala kwemithetho eyisisekelo kwaqinisekiswa ngomkhuba. Umshini wokushisa wadalwa osebenza emjikelezweni we-thermodynamic ka-Otto, Diesel, Trinkler nabanye ososayensi.

Kwakusekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 ukuthi isipiliyoni sabandulele sasijwayelekile futhi izincwadi ezifundiswayo kwi -physics ye-molecular kanye ne-thermodynamics yezobuchwepheshe zabhalwa, okuvumelana ngokuvumelana nokuqondisa yonke isethi yokuthola.

Amagama ambalwa ngomthetho wegesi ekahle

PV = mRT

Namuhla, lapho bethola noma yikuphi ukuxhomeka, ukulinganisa isimo segesi ekahle sisetshenziswa. Akekho onamahloni ngemingcele engena kuyo, enezincazelo ezicacile. Iziphetho ezisuka kumthetho wegesi oyisisekelo zinikeza enye indlela ebalulekile eveza ukuguqulwa kwamandla angaphakathi:

DU = cvDT,

Lapha iU umehluko wenguquko ngaphakathi kwamandla angaphakathi, futhi cv umthamo wokushisa wegesi ngomthamo oqhubekayo. Ngenxa yenkambiso mayelana nesimo se-R esetshenziswa njalo, igcizelela ukuthi ihlukanisa ukusebenza kwegesi ngokucindezela njalo.