Kuyini kuguquka?

Ukuguqula izakhi zofuzo abizwa ngokuthi izinguquko sebengavela isakhiwo se-DNA eziphilayo, okuholela ukuvela kwezinso ezahlukene ukukhula kanye nokuthuthuka. Ngakho, sicabanga kuguquka ukuthi onjalo, izimbangela futhi ekhona e isayensi ngezigaba. Iphinde kufanele sinake umphumela genotype ku izinguquko endalweni.

Uyini kuguquka?

Ososayensi bathi le ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo khona njalo ekhona emzimbeni ngokuphelele kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo emhlabeni, ngaphezu kwalokho, angase waphawula kuze kube abangamakhulu amaningana emzimbeni munye. Ukubonakaliswa ngobubi bawo, futhi incike kulokho izizathu base sokucasuka nalokho wahlupheka uchungechunge zofuzo.

Izimbangela yokwanda koshintsho

Izimbangela yokwanda koshintsho kungaba zahlukahlukene kakhulu, futhi ngezinye izikhathi ingaba ngokwemvelo hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi eyayenziwe egunjini lokucwaninga esibhedlela. Ososayensi zofuzo ukukhomba izici ezilandelayo zalolu shintsho:

1) emisebeni (ionizing futhi X) - elinemisebe enemisebe edabula umzimba ziyahlukahluka electron amacala angama-athomu, okuholela ukuphazamiseka ukusebenza evamile zamakhemikhali izinqubo yezinto eziphilayo futhi physico-chemical;

2) ukwanda izinga lokushisa lomzimba futhi kungadala izinguquko ngenxa yokudlula okukhuthazela embundwini umzimba;

3) ku ukuqoqwa weseli DNA kungenzeka ukubambezeleka nokukhula ngezinye izikhathi ngokushesha ngokweqile;

4) "zokugwema ukuphuka" cell-DNA, ngemva kwalokho ngisho uma kubuyisela kuyisenzakalo kungenzeki ukubuyela athomu esimweni saso sokuqala, okuholela izinguquko ngenakugwemeka.

ngezigaba yokwanda koshintsho

Izwe hlabelela izinguquko engaphezu kwengu-30 genotypes futhi ezakhi zofuzo eziphilayo kubangelwa ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo ophilayo, futhi ngaso sonke isikhathi uboniswe kombungu kwangaphandle nangekhatsi, abaningi babo bangabantu ngempela ayinangozi futhi musa ibakhathaze. Ukuze uthole impendulo yombuzo othi: "Kuyini kuguquka" - ungafaka isicelo ngezigaba mutogenov, okuyinto zihlelwe kuye timbangela tato.

1. typology kwamaseli washintsha ukuhlukanisa phakathi ukuphathwa kwabathintwayo futhi uguquko okuzala. Okokuqala ebonwe amaseli mammalian eziphilayo, it is ngocansi kuphela ngokulandelana. Njengomthetho, walibumba is ngisho phakathi ukuthuthukiswa umbungu esibelethweni (isibonelo, amehlo ezahlukene umbala futhi t.). Okwesibili Ngokuvamile ubonakaliswa isimo sengqondo izitshalo ezingenamgogodla, kubangelwa ezingezinhle zangaphandle yizici zemvelo (ukukhula isikhunta esihlahleni futhi t. D.).

2. indawo amaseli soguquko lwegciwane singalawuleka ukuhlukanisa izakhi zofuzo okuqondiswa enuzi nomthelela ngqo DNA (ungaphenduli ukwelashwa), kanye cytoplasmic - ezihlobene izinguquko wonke amaseli nasoketshezini ukuthi basebenzisane ikhenela (esilaphekayo noma ukuze uxazulule, ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo ezifana babizwa nangokuthi atavism).

3. Kuye izizathu ukuthi wayithukuthelisa ukubukeka izinguquko ukuhlukanisa yemvelo (ecacile) ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo zenzeka ngokuphazima kweso futhi ngaphandle yisiphi isizathu, futhi yokufakelwa (eyenga) - ukwahluleka ukusebenza evamile yezinqubo zamakhemikhali ngokomzimba.

4. Kuye kobukhulu ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo zihlukaniswe zibe:

1) ocwaningweni - izinguquko inani amasethi wama-chromosomes (Down Syndrome) ;

2) zofuzo - izinguquko ukulandelana nucleotide ukwakha kwetinhlavu imicu DNA entsha (phenylketonuria).

okusho ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo

Ezimweni eziningi, zilimaza emzimbeni, ngoba ukugxambukela nokukhula okuvamile nokuthuthukiswa, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kubangele ukufa. ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo Iwusizo akwenzeki kube phakade, uma bhunga supernormal. Ziyakwazi imfuneko isenzo asebenzayo kwemvelo , futhi kuthinte Ukukhetha eziphilayo, okuholela ukuvela kwezinhlobo ezintsha noma ukonakala. Ngakho, umbuzo: "Kuyini kuguquka" - kuyafaneleka ukuthi lokhu izinguquko encane kunazo zonke isakhiwo DNA, kuthinta ukuthuthukiswa nomsebenzi wakhe obalulekile wonke umzimba.