Umgomo we operation ye motor. Umgomo we operation ye-AC motor. Physics, Ibanga 9

Namuhla ukucabanga impucuko womuntu kanye zobuchwepheshe umphakathi akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ugesi. Omunye amadivayisi ukhiye ukusekela umsebenzi zikagesi, kuyinto injini. Lo mshini ithole obanzi kunayo: kusukela umkhakha (abalandeli, Crushers, compressors) ukuze isetshenziswe ekhaya (imishini yokuwasha, sokuzivivinya, njll). Kodwa uyini isimiso yokusebenza motor?

aphoyintimenti

Umgomo we operation ye motor kagesi nezinhloso zalo eziyinhloko ukuze uthumele emizimbeni ukusebenza kunesidingo sokuba kugcwaliseke izinqubo zobuchwepheshe eneji mechanical. Injini ngokwayo ukhiqiza ke ngezithukuthuku ugesi idliwe kusukela kugridi. ukukhuluma Lilonke nje, isimiso okusebenzela kuyo motor kagesi ukuguqula energy kagesi zibe amandla lokukhanda. Inani amandla mechanical eyenziwe kubo per unit isikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi amandla.

izinhlobo motors

Kuye izici ukufunza inethiwekhi kukhona izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko motor bungabonakala: dc futhi ac. Okuvame kakhulu imishini DC kukhona motors nge excitation uhambisane, ezimele futhi edidayo. Izibonelo izinjini ku AC angase enze imishini zokuvumelanisa iphinde indlela. Naphezu kokuhlukahluka esibonakalayo, apharathasi begodu isimiso okusebenzela kuyo motor yimuphi ukuphela esekelwe nokuxhumana umqhubi zamanje kanye yamandla kazibuthe omhlaba, noma uzibuthe unomphela (into ferromagnetic) ngamandla kazibuthe.

Uzimele zamanje - motor preimage

Iphuzu eliyinhloko kule ndaba, njengoba isimiso yokusebenza motor, angabizwa ngokuthi ukuvela torque. Cabanga into enjalo kungaba isibonelo luhlaka nge zamanje, esakhiwa babashayeli ezimbili kanye uzibuthe. Yamanje sisetshenziswa siyinikeze umqhubi emasongweni ukushelela okuyinto asethe njó ujikelezisa Uhlaka axis. Ngokuhambisana umthetho odumile isandla sobunxele phezu ifreyimu uyokwenza amabutho ukuthi ukudala torque engu isihlobo ukuba eksisi. Nanguya ngaphansi kwethonya ibutho Imininingwane sizophenduka ohlangothini kwewashi. Kuyaziwa ukuthi torque lithintana ngokuqondile wakhona lokungeniswa kazibuthe (B), eyaziwa umfutho wamanje (I), uzimele square (S) futhi kuncike engela phakathi kwemigqa ensimini futhi eksisi zokugcina. Nokho, ngaphansi kwethonya isikhathi, zishintsha isiqondiso sayo, uzimele ngeke oscillate. Yini okufanele uzithathe ekwakhekeni isiqondiso njalo? Kukhona izinketho ezimbili yilezi:

• ukushintsha isiqondiso kagesi ohlakeni kanye nesikhundla babashayeli isihlobo iye enyakatho uzibuthe;
• ukushintsha isiqondiso yasendle, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uzimele uzungeza ohlangothini ukuqhubeka.

A samuntu sokuqala isetshenziselwa DC izinjini. Owesibili - ingabe isimiso okusebenzela kuyo AC motor.

Ukushintsha isiqondiso isihlobo yamanje uzibuthe

Ukuze ushintshe isiqondiso motion izinhlayiya icala umqhubi nge Uhlaka lwamanje, idivayisi eye owunikwe isiqondiso kuye ilungiselelo babashayeli. Lo mklamo luyasetshenziswa ngokusebenzisa oxhumana ngokuhambisa, ezisetshenziswa ukuphakela lamanje ukuze uzimele. Lapho esikhundleni omunye indandatho ezimbili lapho Uhlaka ijikeleziswa ukujika nengxenye, isiqondiso zamanje siyachithwa ne torque awagcine. Kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuthi omunye indandatho libuthene kusuka halves ezimbili zazo ngci komunye nomunye.

Umklamo imishini DC

Isibonelo ngenhla - ingabe isimiso umsebenzi we DC motor. Umshini Okuyınqo, ngokwemvelo has a isakhiwo more xaka esebenzisa amashumi ozimele akha lesi armature emazombezombe. Babashayeli emazombezombe ezibekwe anemifantu ekhethekile cylindrical core ferromagnetic. Emikhawulweni Windings axhunyiwe emasongweni elingalodwa akha ezininginingi. Han, ngalendoda kanye core - iyona ihange ujikeleze amabombo izindlu yenjini. Magnetic excitation nkambu eyenziwe izingongolo odonsa unomphela, okuyinto ahlelwe izindlu. Emazombezombe ixhunywe amapayipi, futhi ingafaka phakathi kokubili ngokuzimela iketango ihange futhi ngokulandelana. Esimweni sokuqala, motor uzoba excitation ehlukile, okwesibili - uhambisane. Kukhona futhi ukuklanywa excitation okuxubile uma usebenzisa ezimbili nje izinhlobo emazombezombe uxhumano.

umshini zokuvumelanisa

Umgomo we operation ye motor zokuvumelanisa isidingo ukudala ujikelezisa kazibuthe. Khona-ke udinga ebhokisini kulayini ezingaguquliwe isiqondiso babashayeli zamanje. Umgomo we operation ye motor zokuvumelanisa, okuyinto kwakwandile kakhulu embonini, esekelwe isibonelo ngenhla, ne luhlaka nge zamanje. yakheke Inkambu ujikelezisa ezivezwa uzibuthe ngu emazombezombe izinhlelo ukuthi uxhumeke kwi-amapayipi. Ngokuvamile zisebenzisa ezintathu okhombisa Windings, kodwa isimiso wokusebenza esisodwa isigaba motor AC ngeke lingafani ezintathu okhombisa, ngaphandle ukuthi isibalo izigaba ngokwabo, okuyinto iwubala uma ucabangela izici design. I Windings ezibekwe Slots stator nabanye shift circumferentially. Lokhu kwenziwa ukuze udale ujikelezisa kazibuthe kwakheka igebe emoyeni.

synchronism

Iphuzu elibaluleke kakhulu ukusebenza ehambisanayo motor kagesi ukwakhiwa ngenhla. kwakheka nokuxhumana kazibuthe kanye samanje Rotor izinkampani is uqobo motor Ukujikeleza inqubo okuyinto zokuvumelanisa maqondana ukujikeleza kazibuthe ezakhiwe stator. Synchronism zizogcinwa kuze kube torque esiphezulu, okuyinto kubangelwa ukumelana. Lapho umthwalo kwandisa, umshini ungathola ayisahambsani.

lokungeniswa motor

Isimiso yokusebenza lokungeniswa kagesi kuyinto khona ujikelezisa Amandla kazibuthe kanye ozimele avaliwe (izifunda) ku Rotor - ukuphotha ingxenye. yakheke Amandla kazibuthe ngendlela efanayo ukuthi we zokuvumelanisa motor - usebenzisa Slots ise Windings stator axhunyiwe kunethiwekhi kushintshana voltage. Rotor Windings yakhiwa izihibe eziyishumi kanye nohlaka ngokuvamile yayiba nezinhlobo ezimbili ukusebenza: isigaba futhi sesiwancamulile. Umgomo we operation ye-motor AC ezimweni zombili uyefana, kuphela ukuklanywa ushintsho. Endabeni a Rotor squirrel-yezinyoni (owaziwa nangokuthi "squirrel yezinyoni") emazombezombe aluminium oncibilikisiwe batheleka anemifantu. Esigabeni ukukhiqizwa emazombezombe semikhawulweni isigaba ngasinye ngokukhishwa ngaphandle nge izindandatho ngokuhambisa-contact, njengoba lokhu kuzokwenza resistors ezengeziwe wesifunda okuyizinto ezidingekayo ukuze ulawule isivinini injini.

umshini Ukudonsa

Umgomo we operation ye motor traction kufana motor ne zamanje ngqo. Kusukela lwamanje yanikezwa amapayipi isinyathelo-up transformer. Kwalandela inkosikazi engumakhelwane nayo ezintathu okhombisa uhlelo lokwabelana ngamafayela is adluliselwe ku-ekhethekile traction ezincane. Kukhona rectifier. Ishintsha AC ukuze DC. Ngo Isikimu wazithwala polarity yayo eyodwa bentambo inqola, elinye - ngqo komzila. Kumele kukhunjulwe ukuthi abaningi izindlela traction sokuqhuba imvamisa sihluke omisiwe zezimboni (50 Hz). Ngakho-ke, sebenzisa chastotnik for motor, isimiso yokusebenza okuyinto ukuguqula nobuningi kanye nokulawula lesi sici.

Ngu pantograph voltage ephakanyiswe ihlinzekwa egumbini lapho resistors ukuqala futhi contactors. Nge rheostats abalawuli uxhumeke kwi-motors traction, okuyinto ahlelwe ku ekseli amasondo bogies. Kusukela kubo, a wamanje odabula amathayi phezu komzila, wabe esebuyela kwi-substation traction, ngaleyo ndlela ukuvala circuit kagesi.