I izinyo lomhlathi okulingana mass

Ngokusho amazwi indlela yokwakheka ukuqinisela yomthetho, iyiphi kwakwakhe okumsulwa amakhemikhali uhlala efanayo ukwakheka ambalwa neze sincike indlela ukukhiqizwa yayo, njengoba uqale watshela usosayensi emhlabeni J. Proust e 1801-1808 GG. Lo mthetho sekukhona ngenxa le ingxabano bamakhemikhali French Proust noJean K. Berthollet. Eyokuqala babo babekholelwa ukuthi ubuhlobo obuphakathi izakhi zezakhi okuholela ube uhlobo unomphela, wesibili wabona kokuhlukana uxhumano. Eminyakeni eyikhulu kamuva, azungeze 1912-1913. NS Kurnakov esungulwe ukuba khona ukuxhumana ngokubhanqwa ubunjalo elibanzi ukwakheka, alibiza ngokuthi "berthollides". Leli qembu ubizwa compounds crystalline: phosphides, oxides, carbides, nabanye. Ukwakheka enkompolo ngohlamvu unomphela kwi NS usosayensi isiphakamiso Kurnakova yase yaziwa ngokuthi "daltonides". Umthetho uhlale evumelekile maqondana izinto gaseous ne liquid.

Kulaba washayelwa Ukwakheka ukuqinisela umthetho kusobala ngokunengqondo ukuthi izinto izakhi axhunyiwe komunye nomunye ngendlela enkulu ngokuqinile elinganiselwe. Kule ndaba, kukhona umqondo kwamakhemikhali okulingana, okuyinto elihunyushwe esuka Latin kusho "alinganayo." Ngelilodwa nje, okulingana - a okunemibandela kuyizinhlayiyana izinto okuyinto ngesikhathi ezithile zesikhathi esingaphansi okuhambisanayo ifomula amayunithi abo. Noma iyiphi inombolo elingana oluhambisana uhlobo reactants, degree kanye nohlobo kulungiselelwa ukusabela zamakhemikhali. Kungenxa yokuthi isibalo okulingana ukuhlukanisa isici esithile lichaza ekwakheni zezakhi - amaqembu aziwayo ion noma ama-molecule. Ngo ukusabela uhlobo lokushintshisana, isibonelo, i-mass izinyo lomhlathi of imfuyo okulingana kunqunywa edlulisa stoichiometry ukuphendula.

Ngokuvamile, eziningi izakhi uyakwazi ukwakha uxhumano amaningi phakathi kwazo. Ngakho-ke, okulingana isici, kanye izinyo lomhlathi isisindo okulingana, angase abe namanani ahlukene, ibuka ngaphandle kusukela yokwakheka test kwakwakhe zihlonzwe. Nokho, nangaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, okulingana ezihlukahlukene leyo nto kungenziwa kwehlisa nomunye njengoba integers elincane. Ngokwesibonelo, abantu abaningi izinyo lomhlathi of okulingana carbon e isakhiwo wathola dioxide futhi carbon oxide kuyehluka futhi imayelana 3 amagremu / imvukuzane, futhi 6 g / Mol, kanye isilinganiso ukubaluleka wathola ilingana isilinganiso 1: 2. Ngokuvamile, iningi compounds yakhiwa mass izinyo lomhlathi hydrogen okulingana lingana kuze fike, futhi umoya - amagremu imvukuzane ngayinye eziyisishiyagalombili. Ilingana - inani lemithi ebiyelwe lapho omunye imvukuzane of Valence electron.

Kukhona izindlela eziningana ukuze Ucwaningo ukunquma indlela enkulu izinyo lomhlathi mass okulingana noma ingxenye:

• indlela eqondile. Kusekelwe idatha etholwe zamagama e-hydrogen ne-oksijini compounds timphawu oyifunayo.
• indlela engesobala. Kunalokho lisebenzisa i-hydrogen ne-oksijini nabanye yezinhlobo okulingana ezaziwayo.
• indlela ukufuduka. Luhilela ukususwa hydrogen kusukela isixazululo azibukhali ngokusebenzisa isampula ezithile metal.
• Indlela kohlaziyo. Kususelwa ukubala wesabelo mass we ketshezi kwelinye compounds yayo.
• indlela electrochemical usebenzisa idatha electrolysis.

Izinyo lomhlathi okulingana mass isetshenziswa ukwenza izibalo ambalwa ngesikhathi ekusebenzisaneni chemical phakathi izinto ezaziwayo. A inzuzo enkulu lapha wukuthi ukuxazulula inkinga kungekho isidingo ukusebenzisa kwesibalo wokusabela chemical, okuyilona elisebenzayo futhi kunzima ukubhala. Kuyinto kudingekile kuphela ukwazi ukuthi amakhemikhali abathintekayo uxhumana, noma izidakamizwa - umkhiqizo ukusabela zamakhemikhali.