Franz Josef Land. Franz Josef Land - Isiqhingi. Franz Josef Land - izinkambo

Franz Josef, lapho lesi siqhingi (ingqikithi 192) abe endaweni ingqikithi 16.134 metres square. km, itholakala e-Arctic Ocean. The main njengengxenye yensimu ye-Arctic ingxenye Primorsky esifundeni Arkhangelsk Region. Ayisebenzi, ihlukaniswe yaba 3 izingxenye ezinkulu: empumalanga, enkabeni nasentshonalanga. Eyokuqala ihlanganisa iziqhingi Wilczek Land (2 sq. M. Km) kanye Gream Bell (1.7 sq. M. Km). Bahlukene lonke Austria Strait. Umhlangano omkhulu kunayo yonke ngenani iqembu iziqhingi ise Ingcenye ephakathi. Ugeza the British Channel futhi Strait of Austria. Isakhiwo esifundeni entshonalanga kuhlanganisa isiqhingi esikhulu kunazo zonke umbimbi -. George endaweni Land of ayizinkulungwane 2.9 sq M. km. Franz Joseph esikhathini esiningi has a plain, ithafa-like ebusweni. ukuphakama kwayo ngokwesilinganiso kungamamitha 400-490 m futhi iphuzu esiphezulu - 620 metres.

ukuthola

Ukuba khona iqembu iziqhingi empumalanga Spitsbergen wabikezela hhayi omunye usosayensi omkhulu Russian, kuqala Lomonosov, futhi ngemva kwakhe Schilling futhi Kropotkin. Lesi sakamuva ngo-1871, wethulwa Russian Geographical Society uhambo ohlelweni yokutadisha, kodwa uhulumeni wenqaba ukwaba izimali. I leziqhingi of Franz Josef Land kwatholakala kuphela ngengozi. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho lo mkhankaso Austro-Hungarian iphansi kwesandla sika-Yu yomkhokhi uKarl Weyprecht wangena 1872 ukuthuthukisa Northeast uMzila. Nokho, umkhumbi wabo labanjwa yiqhwa, futhi kancane kancane ke okukhulunywe entshonalanga Umhlaba Omusha. Ngo-1873, August 30, kaseyili "Admiral Tegetgoff" eboshelwe ukuba ogwini ezweni ababengalazi. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, komunye oyedwa kanye Weyprecht abangu okwaxoxwa emaphethelweni alo wasenyakatho nowaseningizimu futhi. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, iphi Franz Josef Land, kwakungaziwa ukuthi ubani. Ngo-April 1874 lokukhokha komunye oyedwa wakwazi abafikayo nge izixhumanisi 82 ° 5 'enyakatho yenkabazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho kwatholakala kwangaphambilini isikimu ziqhingi. Ngaleso sikhathi, abacwaningi bacabanga ukuthi liqukethe eziningi izindawo ezinkulu. Vula siphiwe lona igama eyaduma Franz Joseph mina, Emperor of Austria.

nokwenziwa

Ngo-1873 lokukhokha komunye oyedwa kanye Weyprecht ukuthi uphenyo eningizimu njengengxenye yensimu, futhi entwasahlobo ka 1874 bawela kuyo kusukela eningizimu kuya enyakatho phezu sleds isihlibhi. Khona-ke kwaba khona okokuqala okokumelela olotshiwe wesakhiwo Franz Josef Land. Map, kwacaca ukuthi kamuva, kwadingeka eziningi amaphutha. Ngo 1881-1882 GG. endaweni evulekile phezu yacht "Eira" wavakashela Scot B. L. Smit. Futhi kule minyaka 1895-1897. sokuma IsiZulu Frederick Jackson, sekube survey eziningi ebalulekile ezingxenyeni eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-central naseningizimu lolu mbimbi. Kamuva kwacaca ukuthi ukuthi iqembu yakhiwa iziqhingi eziningi ngaphezu obekulindelekile. Kodwa awazange zincane ngobukhulu kuqhathaniswa mshini kwi lokukhokha komunye oyedwa kumephu.

Emhlabeni nenkathi efanayo, ingxenye esenyakatho ye-mpumalanga futhi phakathi ezihlasela lezi ziqhingi njalo wavakashela Nansen futhi Johansen. Ngo-June 1896 Norwegian Nansen ngephutha kutholwe obakhathalelayo. Northbrook ebusika Frederika Dzheksona. Ehlobo lika-1901 ogwini eningizimu-ntshonalanga bese eningizimu yalesi siqhingi, lapho ehambela futhi baqhuba luhlolo kwabo Vice-Admiral S. O. Makarov. Phakathi ubukhulu silinganisiwe yonke insimu yasungulwa. Khona-ke, ngo-1901-1902 GG. imisebenzi yocwaningo aqhubeka ososayensi American Baldwin futhi Ziegler. Elalibalandela kusukela ngo-1903 kuya ku 1905. ngenhloso ukufinyelela Pole uhambo entsha lahlelwa phezu eqhweni. It is eholwa Ziegler futhi Vial. Esikhathini kusuka 1913 kuya ku-1914-th e-Bay Thulile kulesi siqhingi Hooker wahola iqembu umsebenzi lezazi zokuma kwendawo G. Ya. Sedova. Ehlobo lika-1914, osele amalungu okugcina bomkhankaso Brusilov - Albanov futhi Conrad - bakwazi ukuhamba ukuze base endala Jackson-Harmsworth. Laliqhele eCape Flora ku. Northbrook. zokuma kwendawo Kukhona atakulwa-eziphambili kaseyili "St Fock".

Ukubusa eRussia futhi sathuthukisa

Ngo-1914, zifuna ababezoba Group G. Ya. Sedova uhambo wavakashela isiqhingi ekuqaleni Islyamova. Wabuye wamemezela endaweni ingxenye insimu ka Russia yaphakamisa ifulege. Ngo-1929, e-Bay Thulile ku. Hooker ososayensi Soviet esiteshini nicwaninge wavulwa. Ngenxa wakhe, Franz Josef Land liye kusukela baba yonyaka ukwamukela Soviet mikhankaso polar. Ngo-50-yalolucwaningo. abangu zenzeka ekhulwini lamashumi amabili kabusha ukwahlukana amabutho radar ukuzivikela. Omunye wabo wathatha Franz Josef Land. Enkanjini elapha obakhathalelayo. Gream Bell. Lapha-ke ibekwe 30 radar ehlukile futhi yangasese inkampani aviakomendatura. Kugcine serviced ice airfield. Kodwa lokhu akulona amafa amasu at anawo Franz Josef Land. Alexandra Island wathatha 31-th inkampani ehlukile radar "Nugarskaya". Lezi amayunithi ingeyamakhosi Northerly kunazo amayunithi lempi eSoviet Union. Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-90-yalolucwaningo. bona zakhishwa. Ngo-2008, ngokuhamba ucwaningo ku ophihliza iqhwa zenuzi ngokuthi "Yamal" etholakele uhlukane obakhathalelayo. Northbrook liyingxenye yezwe. Yokudumisa induna Arctic ke yethiwa Yuri Kuchiev. Septhemba 10, 2012 uhambo Aari ku ophihliza iqhwa enuzi "Russia" wavulwa kwenye ingxenye ehlukanisiwe we. Northbrook.

labantu

Ngezinye Franz Josef Land and the omasipala azikho izakhamuzi ezihlala. isakhiwo sabantu lesikhashana kuhlanganisa FSB umngcele onogada, abasebenzi iziteshi ucwaningo. Ngezikhathi, kukhona ingxenye bukhoma kwezinhloko zamaviyo emoyeni ukuzivikela. Zifeza missile defense ezindaweni enyakatho Russian. Ngokusho ucindezela imibiko, ngo-2005 endaweni engenabantu kulesi siqhingi Hayes wavula ngokwedlulele kunazo eposini "Arkhangelsk 163 100". ngesikhathi sako ukusebenza kufanele kube njengoba kwakunjalo 1 ihora, kusukela amahora 10 kuya ku-11 ngoLwesibili kuze kube uLwesihlanu. Kusukela ngo-September 2013, ngaphansi kophawu 163100 bubalwa eposini "Ingelosi Eyinhloko" (ka-. Hayes, Franz Josef Land). ishifu yakhe yomsebenzi - kusuka amahora 10 kuya ku-11 njalo ngoLwesithathu.

izinguzunga zeqhwa

Bahamba iningi ebusweni qoqo leziqhingi (87%). Amandla kuhluka 100 500 m. Kusukela zehlela zeqhwa ulwandle ice kwakhiwa kamuva. Ngokwezinga elikhulu ukungenwa Uqweqwe ezingxenyeni zasempumalanga futhi eningizimu-mpumalanga yesifundazwe yoke imikhawulo. zokwakheka okusha avele kuphela iziqongo amashidi ice. Kulokhu, ngokuvumelana imiphumela yocwaningo ukumboza Franz Josef Land ukuncibilika fast kakhulu. Uma izinga waphawula ngembubhiso izohlala injalo, yeqhwa endaweni iminyaka angu-300 zinyamalale phakade.

Franz Josef Land. Zezıhlabane, abandayo?

Ngo ejwayelekile ukusabalala Islands iqembu sezulu arctic. Isilinganiso lokushisa lonyaka imayelana. Rudolf ifinyelela -12 ° C. Ngo-July, e-Bay Islands epholile Hooker emoyeni lifudumeza kuze kufinyelele -1,2 ° C, futhi esiqhingini Hayes, lapho-Observatory. Krenkel (enyakatho sezulu esiteshini emhlabeni), - ukuze + 1.6 ° C. Amazinga isilinganiso kuMasingana mayelana -24 ° C, futhi aphansi ufinyelela -52 ° C. ipheshulwa Eliphakeme umoya - 40 m / umzuzwana. lehla kusukela esilinganisweni 250 kuya 550 mm ngonyaka Ukubuthelela kwezulu zone ice amashidi.

Izimila nezilwane ye-Arctic

Ikhava izimila ubuswa qoqo leziqhingi wona kanye ulele. Kukhona oluthile lokudla, willow polar, saxifrage futhi poppy arctic. Phakathi ezincelisayo ungabona polar bear. Mancane amathuba okuthi uthole impungushe emhlophe. Emanzini asogwini kuhlala a isilwane sasolwandle esikwaziyo futhi ukuphila ngaphandle ezweni esinamazinyo azingxavula , ihabhu uphawu, beluga Narwhal, uphawu ringed futhi uphawu darnel. Acebile emelelwa nezilwane ezihlukahlukene izinyoni qoqo leziqhingi - kukhona 26 kuphela zama-enamaphiko. Phakathi kwabo, scrapers, abamnyama ezinemilenze kittiwake, guillemot, elimhlophe Gull auks kancane, iMeya et al. Ehlobo, akha amakoloni inyoni.

Izinkambo Ukuqondiswa North Pole

Ingakanani cruise kuya leziqhingi of Franz Josef Land? Tours e-Arctic angathengwa ngemali ruble 875 076. ($ 24,995). Yebo, eqolo! Le mvume ingase ihlanganise ukuhamba neqembu uhambo zigciniwe "Franz Josef Land". Ngokungangabazeki, lokhu ingenye ongakhetha engavamile kakhulu futhi okunethezeka iholide. Uhlelo uhambo inikeza ukufeza "phezulu enyakatho yomhlaba" - 90 degrees. w. ebhodini ophihliza iqhwa emhlabeni lenuzi elinamandla kunawo-powered "50 Iminyaka Engu-Victory". Conquest komkhathi ezineqhwa ye-Arctic iphela izoso ekhaveni ice, kumnandi, "Emhlabeni Wonke" round umdanso zibhukude-Arctic Ocean. Endleleni, lezihambi siyonikwa indiza izinkambo kulezi ziqhingi zonke kuleli qoqo leziqhingi, panorama Amazing okuyinto ngempela uyosibonisa ubuhle bayo. I 540 miles North Pole iyona Indawo lenqwaba zamanzi, izinyoni arctic, walruses namabhere. Lapho uhlela uhambo ezifana izivakashi kufanele bacabangele yokuthi uhambo senzeka kude, elaziwayo elincane futhi ecezile wonke. Ngenxa yalokho, indlela uhlelo ingabonakala kuphela njengoba jikelele, ngokuhlola uhambo uhlelo, ngoba ngaphansi kwethonya izici zangaphandle ezifana izimo ice, isimo sezulu kanye nabanye. Yena Ungashintsha. Njengoba kuboniswa umkhuba minyaka eyishumi edlule, ayikho ukuvakasha uhambo asiphindi ncamashi odlule e-Arctic. Ubunjalo North Pole kwenza izinguquko lalo. Lona engavamile futhi ngokucacile ngokushesha Cruises.

uhlelo travel obuphelele

osukwini olungu-1

Ukufika e Murmansk, zithi cababa on i ophihliza iqhwa. Ngezinye pier ilindele lapho iqembu abahambi uyobe bagibele, kusobala ophihliza iqhwa emhlabeni lenuzi elinamandla kunawo nge lyric enesihloko esithi "Iminyaka 50 Ukunqoba". Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile lona umkhumbi izohamba ezwekazini niye nibahlangabeze nakho ezintsha, odlulayo le Kola Bay.

usuku 2

Esikhathini Sea uBarents. Kuvele ebalulekile ingxenye yonke uhambo - ukulungiswa abagibeli ukuba izici i uhambo engavamile. Amalungu ethimba yenhlangano ngeke tshela izivakashi nge imithetho yokuphepha ibhodi isitsha kanye helicopter, kanye ngikuxoxele zonke umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama ephathelene ekwenziweni ukufika e-Arctic.

usuku 3-5

Inkambo ngqo e-Arctic. usuku emkhunjini ezintathu egcwele eyalandela, abagibeli uzobe abajwayelene namaqiniso ezithakazelisayo zomlando kanye nemvelo okumangalisayo kulesi sifunda.

usuku 6

Ukufika ku-North Pole. Endleleni eya endaweni oya kuyo induna kancane eqondile aqondisa behluleka ophihliza iqhwa ukuba izixhumanisi ezithandwayo zezingoma - 90 ° enyakatho nenkabazwe. Ngemva kokuma amaholide umkhumbi ofika ofanele ice floe nokuziphatha babé isiko yendabuko "round mashi emhlabeni." Lokhu kulandelwa elinye isiko ezithakazelisayo - ngeke anikele izihambi ukubhala amanothi, iziphi ke ibekwe ku capsule zensimbi eziphonsa ekujuleni-Arctic Ocean.

usuku 7-9

Destination - Franz Josef Land. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umgomo oyinhloko bomkhankaso isivele kwenziwe, abahambi isazoqhubeka ulindele okuningi izenzakalo ezithakazelisayo futhi kujabulise. Izakhiwo kahle walondoloza uvumele ukuqapha lwezenzakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu emlandweni ezenzeka kuleli qoqo leziqhingi, eminyakeni eminingi edlule. Phakathi kwabo kuyafaneleka endlini. Bell, elakhiwa ngo-1881 ngu-Lee Smith uhambo ababambiqhaza, futhi emanxiweni ekamu ubudala ku obakhathalelayo. Northbrook. Kwaba kukhona ukuthi ngo-1896 kwaba khona umhlangano obalulekile Nansen noJackson. Futhi kuwufanele ngokuvakashela iyona Cape of Norway, lapho kwabaningi izinyanga 7 kwaholela ucwaningo ngokubambisana F. Nansen futhi Johansen; ukuhlonipha inkumbulo usosayensi G. Ya. Sedova, ogama image baba sibonelo umlingiswa oyinhloko ngenkathi kudalwa inoveli "Captains Amabili" Kaverina. komkhathi Pristine ye-Arctic kanye okwakhe kwenkundla unika izivakashi zayo le Franz Josef Land. Izithombe ezithathwe kule ndawo, njalo umxhwele ulimi lwawo luhluke nobuhle. Izinguzunga Zeqhwa Zase-efana asemigodini ezinqunywa ngokuthwasa kwenyanga, kuhlangene amatshe multi-anemibala of wona elikhanyayo imibala poppy ukudala emangalisayo, umkhathi engachazeki ngokuvumelana. Ayimpoqo ingxenye landscape Arctic nazo izinkulungwane rookeries futhi isilwane sasolwandle esikwaziyo futhi ukuphila ngaphandle ezweni esinamazinyo azingxavula rookeries, ukugcwalisa emkhathizwe ugu Franz Josef Land ziqhingi. Photo ku esifubeni imvelo polar ivumela ukuthwebula isikhashana eyingqayizivele yokuphila futhi sikugcine inkumbulo iminyaka eminingi ezayo.

usuku 10-11

Esikhathini Sea uBarents. Sekuyisikhathi ukubuyela emzini Murmansk. Endleleni, induna akumeme izihambi ehlezi ekudleni endlini yakhe. Lapho, abagibeli uzokwazi uphumule sikanye ezithakazelisayo futhi bezijabulisa ukulalela izindaba kweqiniso mayelana service on the ophihliza iqhwa emthonjeni.

Yini ehlanganisiwe izindleko ingqikithi ukuvakasha

• Izikhangibavakashi ababegibele ophihliza iqhwa "50 Iminyaka Engu-Victory".
• Kuhleliwe iqembu izinkambo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa wonke uhambo ugu, ukuvakashela izindawo ukubaluleka zomlando kanye nezinye izenzakalo ezinophephela emhlane.
• Uhambo ku zodiacs (ngesinqumo umholi bomkhankaso ngenxa yezimo sezulu esiya siba sibi kungase angavezwa).
• Uhlelo ezinkulumo okulungiselelwe zemvelo owaziwa kanye nochwepheshe esifundeni.
• Four ukudla (kuhlanganise namakhekhe fresh ntambama); ikhofi kanye ukukhanya Ungadla usuku lonke; amanzi okuphuza.
• Rubber amabhuzu ukuze iqashwe isikhathi cruise.
• izinto wolwazi ukuze ibuyekezwe futhi uhambo idayari ngezithombe kuyi-DVD.
• Imali yokuposa nezindleko lobuchwepheshe.
• jacket okubalulekile uhambo.
• umshwalense Medical ngokumelene izingozi ebhodini.