Hydrogen

Hydrogen kabanzi lisetshenziswe amagatsha ezahlukene umkhakha: ku zamagama hydrogen chloride, i-ammonia (ammonia iphinde isetshenziselwe ukukhiqizwa nitrogen umquba), e womshini aniline, ekululameni kwezingane non-ayoni metal imikhando. Esikhathini umkhakha ukudla isetshenziswa ukukhiqiza azithathi amafutha ezilwane (imajarini). Mayelana udaba ngenhla olufanele kukhiqizwe hydrogen endaweni yezimboni.

Lokhu igesi kubhekwa njengento yenethiwekhi amandla esikhathini esizayo ngoba evuselelekayo, akusho bungakhiphi "greenhouse gas" CO₂ ngesikhathi omlilo, ukhiqiza semali amandla per unit nesisindo inqubo amandla omlilo futhi kalula ibe amandla kagesi we fuel cell.

Ngaphansi kwezimo zelabhorathri hydrogen ngokuvamile etholwe ekunciphiseni izinsimbi abasele electrochemical voltage chungechunge, kusukela amanzi futhi acid:
Zn + 1HCl = ZnCl₂ + H₂ ↑: ΔH <0
2Na + 2HOH = 2NaOH + H₂ ↑: ΔH <0.

Ngo umkhakha, i-hydrogen irisidi kwenzeka ngokuyinhloko ukucutshungulwa yemvelo kanye amagesi okuhlobene.

1. Ukuguquka methane. Inqubo siqukethe ekusabeleni methane ne umhwamuko at 800 - 900 ° C: CH₄ + H₂O = CO ↑ + 3H₂ ↑; ΔH> 0. Njengoba sihambisana nale nqubo besebenzisa namachibi olungaphelele hydrocarbon nge oxygen khona amanzi umusi: 3CH₄ + O₂ + H₂O = 3CO + 7 H₄. Lezi zindlela ekugcineni alahlekelwe ilungelo ukubaluleka kwabo njengoba hydrocarbon izinqolobane selinciphile.

2. Biohydrogen ingatholakala ulwelwe ku bioreactor. Ngo-1990 ngasekupheleni kwatholakala ukuthi uma sulphur ukuphuca ulwelwe, bayoba kushintsha kusuka ukukhiqizwa oksijini, isb. E. photosynthesis Jwayelekile, ukuze ukukhiqizwa hydrogen. Biohydrogen kungabuye kukhiqizwa e bioreactors, usebenzisa, ngaphandle ulwelwe, imfucuza kamasipala. Inqubo kwenzeka ama-bacterium ahlukanisa okuyinto ukuncela hydrocarbon akhiqize hydrogen ne CO2.

3. Ukupholisa ejulile coke igesi kuhhavini. Ngo inqubo coking amalahle uzilungiselele amafraktjhini ezintathu: okuqinile -, coke uketshezi - amalahle itiyela - gas equkethe, ngaphandle hydrocarbon, i-hydrogen yamangqamuzana (angu-60%). Lokhu ingxenyenamba is phansi ultra Ukupholisa ngokujulile emva kokuba ziphathwe impahla ekhethekile, okuyinto wenza sikwazi ukuhlukanisa hydrogen kusuka ukungcola.

4. Production hydrogen kusukela amanzi usebenzisa electrolysis - indlela esinika hydrogen esicace: 2H₂O → electrolysis → 2H₂ + O.

5. I-carbon ukuguqulwa. Ekuqaleni, igesi amanzi is etholwe odlulayo umhwamuko ngokusebenzisa red-hot 1000 ° C Coke: C + H₂O = CO ↑ + H₂ ↑; ΔH> 0, okuyinto ke exutshwe umusi lidlulile eliwu 400 - 500 ° C kulethe Fe₂O₃. Ukuxhumana kwe-carbon monoxide (II) and umusi: CO + H₂O + (H₂) = CO₂ + 2H₂ ↑; ΔH> 0.

6. Production hydrogen ukuguquka we-carbon monoxide (CO), ngokusekelwe yokusabela esehlukile onsomi photosynthesis amagciwane (nezilwanyana ezincane unicellular umbala original ebomvu noma pink, okuyinto lihlotshaniswa khona zombala photosynthesis). Lezi amabhaktheriya ukukhiqiza i-hydrogen by ukusabela shift: CO + H₂O → CO₂ + H₂.

Ukwakheka hydrogen amanzi, ukusabela akudingi amazinga aphakeme okushisa ukukhanyisa. Inqubo yenzeka ekamelweni lokushisa ebumnyameni.

Industrial ukubaluleka kulezizinsuku ozuza kwemvelo hydrogen kusukela amagesi akhicitwe nakuchubeka petroleum yokucwenga.

Nokho, abaningi abazi ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthola i-hydrogen ekhaya. Ngenxa yale njongo singasebenzisa isixazululo ukusabela alikhali kanye ne-aluminium. Thatha isigamu-litre ingilazi ibhodlela umgodi ngesivalo, tube umusi, 10 g ethusi sulfate, 20 g usawoti, 10 g alumina, 200 of amanzi ibhaluni.

Lungiselela isixazululo zethusi sulfate: 100 g amanzi ingezwe 10 g ethusi sulfate.

Ukupheka kasawoti: 100 g amanzi ingezwe 20 g kasawoti.

Isisombululo okuxubile. Engeza ingxube okuholela aluminium. Uma egabheni uvele slurry ezimhlophe babiza tube ne ibhaluni uligcwalise hydrogen wazivelela.

Nakani! Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho udinga kuphela ukuze bachithe leso ngaphandle. Kuyadingeka control lokushisa, njengoba ukusabela senzeka nokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngenxa yokushisa nokungcola ungathola out of control.

Kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi i-hydrogen, uma ixubene emoyeni, yakha ingxube Iziqhumani ebizwe ukucupha igesi (izingxenye ezimbili ze-hydrogen nengxenye eyodwa yomoya-mpilo). Uma le ngxube ukuze kuvuswe, ke ngizoqhuma.