Izenzo normative - isenzo zomthetho .... izinhlobo iziqondiso

Uyini uhlelo wesi engokomthetho? Yiziphi izici salo eRussia futhi yini izenzo normative futhi izincwadi ezingokomthetho zokuhlala practice zomthetho Russian?

Kuyini isiqondiso?

izenzo normative - livikeleke ebhaliwe uhlobo imithombo yomthetho. Phakathi kwezici zayo ezihlaba eziyisisekelo - imininingwane uhlamvu esisemthethweni (.. I nosuku lokwamukelwa, isihloko, igama umzimba eyamukela isenzo, njll), yokuthi ukuvunyelwa isakhiwo ethile (uhulumeni noma webhizinisi), emphakathini (kuhlanganise ngokusebenzisa ukubekwa ezibhalelwe ethandwa kanye netinsita letisebentisa gezi ).

Ukuze ekhishwe yiziphathimandla, libhekene ukushicilelwa ngolimi olusemthethweni. Esinye isici esibalulekile amathuluzi - banayo ethize imithetho umthetho ngokuphathelene ukulawulwa izinqubo kohlobo oluthile noma nombuthano ewumngcingo zabantu.

"Normative" futhi izenzo "zomthetho" - hhayi into efanayo?

Abanye abameli ukuhlonza eside okukhulunywa ngayo, umqondo wegama elithi "isenzo zomthetho". Kulokhu, kokubili la magama asetshenziswa ngesikhathi esisodwa, ahlukaniswe ikhonco. Okunye bababhali emkhakheni akholelwa ukuthi lezi zenzakalo ezimbili - hhayi ngempela into efanayo. mqondo wabo. izenzo normative - lena asemthethweni (ekhishwe iziphathimandla - uMongameli, uMbuso Duma, njll ...) kuphela. Akufanele babe ingxabano nezinye izenzo ibencono (ezifana uMthethosisekelo).

Wensimbi liye lachazwa ngokuthi umqondo ebanzi. Zingaba nanoma yimiphi imibhalo engahle anencazelo zomthetho. Ngokwesibonelo, amafayela zenzelwe ukusetshenziswa esemthethweni ngaphakathi corporation. Okungukuthi, ukuba khona wabo awusikiseli kwezinkambiso zomthetho kuphoqelekile abantu abangaphandle inkampani. Amalungiselelo eziqukethwe imibhalo efana ziqondiswe nobe esifundvweni lesitsite (yoMnyango, uMphathi nokunye okunjalo. D.).

It kuvela ukuthi izenzo zomthetho nezokulawula zihlukaniswa nalezi zidingo ezilandelayo. Okokuqala, kuba uhlobo ukusetshenziswa kwazo. izenzo normative - jikelele kanye zomthetho - une-focus ngabanye. Okwesibili, kwenkululeko izenzo. Regulations abhekiswe esingenamkhawulo ukuthi izinhlangano kanye zomthetho - eqenjini elithile labantu. Okwesithathu, kuba isikhathi ukuhlaselwa. isenzo normative inqobo aze iyachithwa noma iyachitshiyelwa. Zomthetho, njengoba umthetho, zenzelwe ukusetshenziswa ezimweni ezithile, kuvame esisodwa.

Phakathi abameli, kunesinye umbono ngendaba ubuhlobo izenzo normative nezomthetho. Libonisa ukuthi ukulawulwa kudala inkambiso esemthethweni (noma uchibiyela esikhona), ukufaka futhi iyithuluzi elingokomthetho ukuze kuqalise ukusebenza efanele kuleli lungiselelo.

Yiziphi izenzo

Ake sibone, yiziphi izinhlobo iziqondiso ku practice zomthetho Russian. kwamangqamuzana kwabo kusekelwe imiqondo emibili kwakuwukuthi. Eyokuqala - a "umthetho". Isenzo yalolu hlobo esithathwayo esikhethwe iziphathimandla (umthetho noma omele) noma izakhamuzi zezwe ngokusebenzisa inhlolovo. Mark noma ukwenza izinguquko umthetho owawungekwenze kuphela ukushicilela igunya lakhe. Izenzo lolu hlobo zenzelwe alawule izinqubo ukhiye elihlobene ne ukuthuthukiswa kuhulumeni kanye nomphakathi. Ziqukethe imithetho eyinhloko: kungolunye uhlobo izenzo nemininingwane iziqondiso kuhunyushwa ukufakwa njengoba kubekiwe emthethweni. Lezi zinhlobo ukuhlaselwa benziwe observation okuqinile oda zenqubo.

Eyesibili umqondo - a "imithetho kamasipala". Basuke ekhishwe ngesisekelo futhi ngenjongo komthetho futhi hierarchically eyakhelwe imodeli lapho imithetho kumele athobele kuleyo enqunywe enkulu amandla zomthetho imithombo, futhi kumelwe ibe isisekelo sokukholelwa izenzo sezingeni leliphasi. Izinhlobo ezinkulu iziqondiso mthetho imvelo eRussia elandelayo.

Lokhu jikelele izenzo federal (izimiso nemiyalo uMongameli Russian Federation, imithetho kahulumeni, ama-oda zezinkonzo kanye neminyango). It uba ezikhonzini umfelandawonye (ayiminingi imithethosisekelo zendawo, izimiso, nemithetho ophasiswe iziphathimandla zomthetho eliphezulu esifundeni). Lokhu imithetho kamasipala (umyalelo, isinqumo noma umyalelo esiwenzile kwehholo ledolobha, imikhandlu idolobha kanye izakhiwo efanayo).

A uhlobo olukhethekile iziqondiso - nemithetho yamazwe omhlaba. Basuke ezithathwe izinhlangano ngaphandle ethile Russian futhi zihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili - iziqondiso ezinikeza uhulumeni amazwe athile ukuze ukhethe ukuthi kusetshenziswe kanjani ezibophezela emazweni omhlaba kanye nemitheshwana, okuye oqondile waba isibopho kuwo wonke izidingo States. UMthethosisekelo Russian uthi imigomo kanye nemithetho ethize ukuze emthethweni wamazwe omhlaba nezivumelwano we Russian Federation namanye amazwe ayingxenye uhlelo lomthetho kazwelonke. Futhi uma isivumelwano kwelinye izwe usungula imithetho ngaphandle kwalezo ebekiwe imithetho yokutholwa eRussia, umphumela zomthetho ephakeme uzakuba umthombo ngamazwe komthetho.

Umthetho nesenzo: isilinganiso imigomo

Amagama athi "isenzo" futhi "umthetho" avame ukubonakala by abameli. Lokhu kuyiqiniso, kodwa kuphela kwelinye icala: uma "umthetho" kusho ezivezwa ezindabeni zomphakathi ngezinhlangano izinhlangano zezombusazwe noma kwemiyalo eqondile, ayimpoqo zonke noma othile imikhakha ehlukene yabantu. izenzo ezithile - noma ezibhaliwe imithombo iziqondiso okukhulunywa ngaye noma imibhalo echaza umehluko wemisindo nemiqondo yamagama kwekusebenta kwato.

Law - isethi ziqondiso, konke lokho lisasesimweni, noma ephathelene nezindawo ezithile - isibonelo, umthetho umndeni. izenzo normative - imithetho ngomqondo zomthetho njengoba enjalo. Ngokomlando, ke kwandulelwe ukugunyazwa okwenziwe mkhuba practice zomthetho. Kodwa njengoba ekwembuleni ukuphikisana phakathi amasiko abantu ahlukahlukene, amazwe futhi amazwekazi waqala ukuba ezibekwe Izenzo imithetho kungaholela ngokungafani nezinye "abantu" imithetho ngamunye bendabuko endinganisweni efanayo. Imithetho neziqondiso ezivela umbono kwetheminoloji zomthetho yesimanje kungaba into eyodwa.

Amazinga iziqondiso

Umthelela izenzo zomthetho ingasatshalaliswa emazingeni eziningana. Kube obshchefederalnye izenzo - iyawabopha yonke insimu yase Russia. Kukhona imithombo amalungelo ezikhonzini umfelandawonye - zona, ziyasebenza nabantu abahlala ezindaweni ezithile, kanye nabo bonke abantu (kungakhathaliseki yokuhlala ngisho yisakhamuzi), eza nendaba noma ohlala therein okwesikhashana. Kukhona izenzo kamasipala lomthetho, okuyinto ziyasetshenziswa izakhamuzi zedolobha, County noma isifunda, kanye eza kubantu. Ekugcineni, kukhona izenzo zomthetho wendawo - bona isici ngokugxila ewumngcingo (bangakwazi Zilawula ejensi, izinkampani noma isiphi isikhulu).

imithetho kahulumeni

iziqondiso Federal - imithombo yomthetho, abantu abamukelekayo ngendlela ethize. Basuke benawo amandla ophakeme zomthetho maqondana nezenzo zesifunda, kamasipala kanye basekhaya kwesokudla. imithetho yamazwe Uyi zenyathi ngesimo izenzo bemvelo ngokomthethosisekelo, has a force ephakeme zomthetho (ngenhla - kuphela RF uMthethosisekelo). Lokhu zenyathi imithetho yokutholwa ngenjongo incazelo enembile kanye nokuthuthukiswa imithetho equkethwe wuMthethosisekelo. Ziklanyelwe ukusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izikhonzi komthetho we-civil bathole ithuba elanele ukuthi siqalise lezi zinhlelo imithetho inkululeko.

izenzo zomthetho kaMasipala

Njalo umasipala Russian unelungelo ukukhipha iziqondiso zalo. Kuyinto insimbi lebalulekile yahulumende wasekhaya. Nazi izibonelo ezimbalwa izenzo ezinjalo. Lokhu kungaba inqubo amandla athile bathunyelwe isigungu zikamasipala waleyo kwabaphathi bedolobha. Ngokwesibonelo, ehhovisi lomphathi-dolobha eMoscow angase ethule Mitino amandla wesifunda emkhakheni umsebenzi kwezamasiko kanye nezemfundo kanye izakhamuzi.

Kungenzeka isinqumo ukwamukelwa nemithetho, unesibopho ukuqaliswa okuzokwenza abalale umasipala. Ngokwesibonelo, isifunda e Moscow Onxiwankulu UMkhandlu ungavumela weMithethonqubo kuyoba indlela abekucabanga zezinkinga on ukuthuthukisa umndeni, ngokuvumelana noMthetho eMoscow "Ngo isabelo kohulumeni basekhaya amandla ehlukile kule ndawo etilongweni futhi sivikelwe." Omasipala angavumela izinhlelo ezihlukahlukene ukuthuthukisa ingqalasizinda kanye nezindawo iphrofayela nomphakathi.

imithetho yangakini

Masikhumbule ukucabanga ukuthi sakwenza ngenhla, okuphathelene umahluko phakathi "normative" futhi "zomthetho" isenzo. Ngokusho kweminye abameli, imithombo yohlobo sesibili sihlanganisa nanoma yimiphi imibhalo angekho esidlangalaleni (ezingahlobene iziphathimandla) uhlamvu. Isibonelo njalo nazo kakhulu izenzo ezinjalo - imibhalo ukuthi kukhona kwegazi corporations. Banezinhliziyo izimpawu ezimbalwa. Okokuqala, ezithathwe yinkampani uqobo. Okwesibili, banayo umthetho. Okwesithathu, banalo isiqondiso: ngaphansi kwezimiso zoMthetho ebekwe idokhumenti, yonke inhlangano uwela, noma-ke isakhiwo ehlukile (noma ngaphezulu). Izibonelo zomculo ezifana: abasebenzi, isheduli iholide, oda ekuvunyweni amashidi zokuhlala. Of izenzo zomthetho nezokulawula has izimpawu ecacile kwasendaweni.

amasiko aseNtshonalanga Kapa kanye naseMpumalanga yezinhlelo zokwenziwa kwemithetho

Ikhuluma ngalokho kuba izenzo normative futhi zomthetho, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezimbili indlela zomlando ukuze sokulungiselela yabo. West, nobuntu Europe nganxanye i-Russia, nasempumalanga, okuvame ukuhlotshiswa ngayo Gulf, nase-Asiya, India nakwamanye amazwe kulezo zindawo. Iphuzu eliyinhloko ngoba isiko European - semthethweni izenzo, umthetho, semthethweni.

EMpumalanga, umthombo oyinhloko umthetho - isiko esekelwe imithombo zenkolo. E-West, kukhona yokwehlayo kwemithetho, esigabeni esiphezulu sokuhlukanisa okuyinto uMthethosisekelo (noma usethe imithetho, it is indawo). EMpumalanga, lapho kuphoqelelwa ngesimo komthetho wendabuko, lonke izenzo kungaba ngempela mahhala kusukela isihlobo wokwehlayo komunye nomunye, kodwa kumele kuhambisane umthombo kuphoqelelwa umthetho.

Izinkinga eyinhloko esimisweni somthetho Russian

Abanye bababhali bathi lwetemtsetfo Russian ivame ukuba isiko Western. Lokhu kufakazelwa iqiniso lokuthi zonke isenzo zomthetho normative isezingeni isigaba esithile - kokuthumela iziqondiso ngokomthetho namandla noma kuyazivuselela labo buthaka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo emphakathini Russian njengoba eziningi ochwepheshe kuqashelwe, kukhona eziningi eMpumalanga - ulise imithetho ebekiwe neziqondiso, gxila isiko. Ezingqondweni amaRashiya amaningi iziqondiso - lena kuphela "iphepha".

Ngesikhathi esifanayo kukhona omunye isigxobo emphakathini - okubizwa ngokuthi "idealists zomthetho" abafuna ukulandela umthetho okwenyanga njengoba izincwadi. Ngenxa yalokho, eRussia asikho isimo esinobunye ukuqonda komphakathi kohlelo lomthetho.

ekwakhiweni kwemithetho

kanjani zokulawula, izenzo zomthetho? Law - ungubani elilotshiwe? Ukudalwa iziqondiso uvame ukubizwa ekwakhiweni kwemithetho, futhi kukhona izindlela eziyisisekelo eziningana ukuqalisa le nqubo. Okokuqala, pravoustanovitelnaya umsebenzi zikahulumeni. Okwesibili, lokhu legitimization (bagunyaze) amandla izinqubo ezingokomthetho eziye zaba khona isikhathi eside. Okwesithathu, kuba kwemtsetfo esebenzisa intando yeningi ngqo (isibonelo, inhlolovo). Abameli ushayele inombolo wemigomo esemqoka yezinhlelo zokwenziwa kwemithetho - kuhlelwe, nokufaneleka, ukungaguquguquki, intando yeningi.

Ubuchwepheshe Legal njengengxenye lwetemtsetfo

izenzo normative - imithombo yomthetho, okuyinto, by ncazelo, akukwazi ephelele, uma kuphela ngoba lokho umphakathi uyashintsha, ivela. Ukuze izenzo bebelokhu eduze ngokoqobo, kunezinhlobo ezahlukene amasu zomthetho - amathuluzi, izindlela kanye nezindlela yokuthuthukisa yemithetho. Umsebenzi oyinhloko abameli abasebenza kulesi siqondiso - ukwenza imithetho njengoba eqondakalayo kubantu ngangokunokwenzeka, abanolwazi olufanele, kube sobala. Imithetho abasemazingeni ahlukahlukene olawula endaweni eyodwa kumele kube ubudlelwane ecacile nenengqondo. Kunezinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko zokuqonda le namasu zomthetho - zomthetho, systematizing, Accounting umthetho. izenzo normative we Russian Federation, kunenkolelo abameli, kumele kutsi tentiwe ncono njengengxenye uhlobo lobuchwephese ngamunye.

njengoba imithetho

Ngokwesibonelo, emazweni ahlukahlukene zikhona imihlahlandlela kazwelonke sendlela imithetho isebenze. ERussia, leli washi kuchazwa uMthethosisekelo (Isigaba 54). Lithini? Okokuqala, iqiniso lokuthi akukho emthethweni liqine noma umthwalo ngodlame ngeke sisetshenziswe uma sekwedlulile. Okwesibili, akekho unesibopho izenzo ukuthi ngesikhathi ukoniwa ubengaveli umbono wemithetho ekhona komthetho. Okwesithathu, uma, emva isenzo bewela ngaphansi isihloko yomthetho, bamukela, imithetho emisha ngesandla esithambile ukuthi ziyasebenza. Ngebanga lalokho, njalo ezehlela bonke emazweni izimiso nemithetho - gxila isikhathi, isikhala kanye iqembu elithile abantu (uma asikhulumi mayelana nomphakathi wonkana).