Imithombo yomthetho wamazwe omhlaba: isisekelo sokulawula ubudlelwano bamazwe

Ukusungula imithetho yokuziphatha kubalulekile hhayi kuphela kubantu, kodwa futhi phakathi kwamazwe, izinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni nezinye izihloko zomthetho wamazwe omhlaba. Imikhuba enjalo ithatha uhlobo lwezivumelwano, izivumelwano, imfundiso, izandulela zomthetho, izinqumo nezincomo ezihlanganisiwe ngaphansi kwegama elivamile "imithombo yomthetho wamazwe omhlaba".

Essence kanye nezinhlobo

Kumele kuqondwe ngokucacile ukuthi imithombo yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe isinqumo esinqunyiwe ngaso sonke isikhathi esithathwe yizinhlangano kanye nezinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni emkhakheni othile. Lezi zincwadi, njengomthetho, zakha amalungelo nezibopho zabahlanganyeli ebuhlotsheni bomthetho jikelele. Kodwa ukwamukela ukubulawa noma cha, kuxhomeke kuphela ohlangothini lobuhlobo bomthetho jikelele. Inqubo evamile yokwamukelwa yathola igama lokuqinisekiswa, futhi lenziwa kuphela ngokuzikhethela yizinhlangano zikahulumeni eziphakeme kakhulu zezwe.

Imithombo yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe ihlukene ngezindlela zokukhuluma, futhi, kuye ngokuthi lokhu, izingxenye ezimbili eziyinhloko zihlukaniswa:

1. Imithombo eyisisekelo - imelwa yizivumelwano zomhlaba wonke kanye nesiko lomhlaba wonke. Eyokuqala kubhaliwe ngenhloso yentando yeningi emkhakheni wokulawulwa kobudlelwane abathile bomthetho womhlaba wonke. Isibonelo esithinta kakhulu yi-UN Charter. Isibili sibonakala ngesimo sokuhlanganiswa okubhalwe ngendlela yokuziphatha okusimisiwe ngokomlando kwezinye izimo zomhlaba wonke. Kuyafaneleka ukuthi isiko lamazwe ngamazwe ngaso sonke isikhathi siphumelela ngokuvumelana ngokuvumelana nesivumelwano somhlaba wonke. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isiko "sigcwalisa" ukungabi khona komthetho wezivumelwano;
2. Osizayo - umele ukuchazwa kokusetshenziswa kahle kwemithombo esemqoka esimweni esinikeziwe. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa imfundiso yomthetho yamazwe omhlaba, izandulela zomhlaba jikelele, izinqumo zezinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni.

Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwalezi zigaba wukuthi ukwehluleka ukufeza isibopho esithathwe emthonjeni oyinhloko, lowo owenze iphutha usongelwa ngezigwegwe zomhlaba wonke ngokumelene naye. Isigaba sesibili sinconywa kakhulu.

Ukuze uthole incazelo eningiliziwe yemvelo kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zemithombo yomthetho wamazwe omhlaba, ake sibuyele emibili emikhawulweni yayo - umthetho wezomnotho kanye namasiko.

Imithombo Yomthetho Wezomnotho Womhlaba Wonke

Le ncenye yomthetho isebenze ikakhulukazi ngezinhlobo ezine zemithombo: izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke, isiko lomthetho wangaphandle, izinqumo zeziphathimandla zomnotho zomhlaba wonke kanye nomthetho wezwe wasekhaya.

Lezi zinkontileka, njengemithombo yomthetho wezomnotho womhlaba wonke (ngemuva kwalokho obizwa ngokuthi yi-MEP), ihlukaniswe ngezigaba ezintathu - emazweni angaphandle, angaphansi kukahulumeni nakwamanye amazwe. Futhi uma izigaba ezimbili zokuqala ziyizici zazo zonke izingxenye eziphansi, khona-ke lokhu okuyisibonakaliso sohlangothi lwezomnotho lokubambisana phakathi kwezizwe. Leli qiniso lichazwe yilokho okushiwo yi-sub-sector. Njengomthetho, zonke izinkontileka zenziwa futhi ziphethwe ngaphakathi kohlaka lwezinhlangano ezifana ne-WTO, i-ILO, i- International Bank ne-IMF.

Naphezu kokuthi amandla angokomthetho emthethweni wezomthetho aphezulu ezingeni elifanayo njengenkontileka, ngoba i-MEP ingumthombo wokwakheka komthetho. Njengomthetho, lesi sigaba siqinisekisa ukusebenza kweMEP hhayi kuphela, kodwa futhi iningi lemikhakha engaphansi kwemithetho yangasese yangasese. Amasiko angaba khona eyedwa, kodwa angasetshenziswa ezinqumweni noma emihlanganweni yamazwe ngamazwe.

Izimo zezigqibo - umthombo othize, ojwayelekile kuMEP. Njengomthetho, nabo bathola ukuhlanganiswa kwabo ngezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, kodwa kuzo izinqumo zezimo zezomnotho zinikezwa izici zemigomo yecandelo elincane elicatshangelwayo.

Umthetho wasekhaya uyakuba ngumthombo we-MEP kuphela lapho kwenzeka ingxabano ngesimo esithile. Kucatshangelwa njengomthombo osizayo, ngakho-ke, udlala indima yesibili.

Imithombo Yomthetho Wamazwe Kazwelonke

Ukucacile kwalolu hlobo lwemithombo kuhlanganisa ukusebenzisa kanye namafomu angenhla ukubonakaliswa kwamalungelo okusebenza okungafani kanye nezinqumo zezinhlangano zamazwe ngamazwe (isibonelo, i-WTO), kanye nomthetho wasekhaya kanye namasiko ezandulela izinkantolo zomhlaba wonke.

Imithombo yemithetho yamazwe ngamazwe isekelwe kumkhuba osungulwe wokusebenzisana kwezifundazwe emkhakheni wokulawulwa kwamasiko. Futhi nguyena olala emgodini wezivumelwano ezidalwe kanye nezinhlangano zemikhakha yamazwe ngamazwe.

Imithombo yomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe iyahlukahluka. Ukusebenza kwabo ekulawulweni kobudlelwane akuxhomeke kakhulu emkhakheni wobudlelwane bomthetho, njengokwesimo esithile. Ngakho-ke, lapho uxazulula izimo eziphikisanayo, umuntu kufanele aphendukele kuyo yonke imithombo etholakalayo ecabangela "isenzo" sawo sokusebenza.