Kuyini isikebhe ngomkhumbi? Sail-plan. umkhumbi Mnogopalubnoe ezinkulu ngomkhumbi

Ngesikhathi inani labantu ababebuka isintu rose ngenhla ezingeni the club itshe futhi eqala ukuhlola izwe elisizungezile, kuyaqondakala ngokushesha yimaphi amathemba sathembisa imiyalezo yezindlela zasolwandle. Yebo, ngisho umfula, amanzi okungaba ngokushesha futhi kuqhathaniswa ngokuphepha ukuhambisa, wadlala indima enkulu ekuthuthukiseni impucuko yesimanje.

Inani umuntu ngomkhumbi

Asazi futhi cishe akasoze kuyokwaziwa kanjani futhi kuphi sengathi ngomkhumbi isitsha sokuqala. Kodwa into eyodwa kuphela eqinisekile - umuntu owasungula ke, e umthelela wabo Ngokuzayo impucuko ifaniswe umsunguli waleli sondo. Lesi sakamuva, ngasendleleni, kakhulu, asazi, kodwa inkumbulo ke umi phakade. Sailing umkhumbi, ngasendleleni, ubizwa ngokuthi umkhumbi, eliqhutshwa amandla omoya.

It sailboats kwenza kwaba lula ukuthuthukiswa impucuko. Elokuqala amatilosi asendulo kahle kahle ubuciko "ekubambeni umoya" waqala nakumaGreki mhlawumbe Sumerians. Ngemva kwalokho, entendeni wathatha abaseFenike futhi amaViking, ngubani, ngokocwaningo zamanje, ukuza ogwini ku Drakkar kwabo ugu lweNyakatho Melika eside ngaphambi Columbus. Ngakho esibuthakathaka ngomkhumbi - mode kwezithuthi lapho umuntu wokuqala ewela i-Atlantic nePacific, ngomkhumbi onjalo Magellan ukuba circumnavigate le "uhambo" kuqala.

I "sailboats" lokuqala

Imikhumbi yokuqala ukukwazi ukuhamba, zazinamathuba emikhunjini. Konke kwaqala nge ukugwedla izikebhe okulula eGibhithe lasendulo, futhi yaphela ... kunenkolelo yokuthi imikhumbi zokugcina zalolu hlobo yasetshenziswa kanye ngemva kokusungulwa injini umusi, ukuze bakhonza abantu isikhathi eside.

Imikhumbi abangu imikhumbi eklanyelwe isebenze kuphela nemibandela angajulile angasogwini, nabaseGibithe, futhi ngokuvamile zithola yonke lwaluyisicaba bottomed. Yiqiniso, seaworthiness oluvelele azange abe ngomkhumbi onjalo. Sail babenelungelo bakudala kakhulu, iqonde, bamyeka emoyeni kuphela uma yokugcina wayedlula. Ngakho lokho esiye kuchaziwe ngezansi izinhlobo of imikhumbi emikhunjini unganikezi. Phela, lokho ukubheke njengengxenye izitsha ngomkhumbi agcwele engenakwenzeka.

Ukwahlukanisa imikhumbi

Kamuva bemikhumbi yingcweti ubuchwepheshe emhlabeni eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, wabavumela ukuba ukwakha imikhumbi seaworthiness ngokuya kangcono. Kufanele kuholele emakhasini lesi sihloko, ngezigaba okulula imikhumbi ukuze uqhubeke ukuze kugwemeke ukudideka:

• Umkhumbi (frigate). Yebo, akuzona zonke umkhumbi ngomkhumbi yayingase ibizwe ngokuthi ngakho. Ngakho nabizelwa kuphela labo imikhumbi waba insika ezintathu. Span - ukuqondisa kuphela, kodwa mizzen, ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaba khona futhi "slash" imishini, ikuvumela ukuba uhambe tacks. Yayiyini izinhlobo ezengeziwe imikhumbi?
• Burke obizwa umkhumbi ne insika ezintathu, kodwa Amabili okuqala oseyili square kuphela, kanti eyesithathu - kuphela etshekile.
• UBrigadier - cishe iyafana ukuthi we-frigate, nje ngomkhumbi uBrigadier. On the useyili mizzen inekheli etshekile, kodwa lonke yokusungula - eziqondile nje kuphela.
• Kaseyili ngokuthi iyiphi imoto nge inani izingongolo ezimbili. Kodwa hhayi ngaphansi kuka bobabili kwakudingeka bathwale oseyili etshekile.
• Polutoramachtovye enkantolo. Bona mainsail futhi mizzen, kungathi "tho" ibe uhlaka olulodwa.
• izitsha Single-masted. Njengoba ungase ukuqagela, aqinise ensikeni yaso ababenakho eyodwa kuphela. Njengomthetho, oseyili kwakungamadodana elula kakhulu, oqondile.

Manje-ke ukuthi owande kakhulu emlandweni wezwe zasolwandle isibe uBrigadier ngomkhumbi. Le mikhumbi yayingamamitha frigate lula kakhulu futhi kaseyili kuyakhiwa, futhi nge ilungiselelo yimpumelelo ezazinama- banayo kangcono ukuhamba nesivinini izimfanelo.

Galleons futhi revolution navigation

Eyokuqala ngomkhumbi isikebhe, elakhelwe kudingeka ahambe ibanga elide olwandle yokuwela - lena galleon. Kukholakala ukuthi Omkhulu womkhumbi wokuqala lesi sigaba kwaba Karakka Mary Rose 1512 ukwakhiwa, ephethwe yi-British. Nokho, isiPutukezi bayaqiniseka ukuthi benza wathola ilungelo ukudala galleons, ngoba okokuqala esakhile caravels.

Kodwa kwakukhona zonke wale mikhumbi akuyona kusuka ekuqaleni, ngoba kungenzeka ukwakhiwa uvele kuphela lapho umkhakha shipbuilding unezinkolelo eziningi impumelelo lobuchwepheshe nokwatholakala kahle leyo minyaka. Ngokwesibonelo, galleon - lesi esokuqala mnogopalubnoe ngomkhumbi isitsha. Ukuze isakhiwo omkhulu wenza ngokuphelele ngokhuni nge ukusetshenziswa ubuncane yensimbi iyindlala, umane ayizange ziwile, bemikhumbi kwadingeka ukuba ngezinga eliphezulu kakhulu amakhono professional.

Okutholakele emkhakheni ukwakhiwa sikebhe womkhumbi

Kukholakala ukuthi isikimu classical yokwakha imikhumbi, lapho izindlu senziwa kuqala, bese-ke Unamekwe, yasungulwa yi-baseByzantium emhlabeni ekupheleni yokuqala yeminyaka AD. Ngaphambi kwalokho, imikhumbi izingcweti eqoqwe, ekuqaleni okwenza kube umzimba, bese kuhleliswa "imikhawulo" uzimele. Kulokhu kwakunzima ukufinyelela ukunemba okusezingeni eliphezulu, ngakho-ke imikhumbi ikufanelekela ukuhamba olwandle okusezingeni eliphezulu etholwe kanini.

Umkhawulo sokuphelela kuleyo minyaka - umkhumbi ezincane ezimbili masted lapho kungenzeka ukuba wenze nohambo lwasolwandle ezimfushane, kodwa namanje okukhethekile yakhe - cabotage.

Indlela esheshayo isikimu WaseByzantium saya eningizimu yeYurophu, lapho ngomkhumbi onjalo eyakhelwe kusukela ngekhulu XIV, waseBrithani waqala ukukwenza endaweni ethile e-1500, futhi ngo-Northern Europe imikhumbi ne elula clinker ulwelwesi kwezinye izindawo kwakhiwa ngekhulu le-16. Ekuqaleni, amagama imikhumbi, eyenziwe amasu WaseByzantium, njalo iqukethe impande "Carvel" lokho kwakusho ukwakhiwa ifremu, ne "bushelelezi" planking kwalo okwalandela. Yingakho - the caravel, a ngomkhumbi isikebhe elincane, has seaworthiness kakhulu.

Izinzuzo indlela entsha

Abakhi bemikhumbi Uthole eziningi izinzuzo lapho lagcina lithuthele izitsha isidumbu inhlangano. Into ebaluleke kakhulu - uzimele kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala ukwakhiwa ivumela ukulinganisa ukuma ikusasa umkhumbi, wabuka yayo kanye ukufuduka ngokushesha nokubona izinto ezingase zibe design amaphutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe obusha uye wavumela ukukhuphuka okukhulu ngosayizi lwemikhumbi ngokusebenzisa ifreyimu okuhlala kanye "springy", okuyinto angabekwa ngisho imithwalo esindayo kakhulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, isikhumba ungase uqale amabhodi ububanzi ingasaphathwa, okuvumela kakhulu ukunciphisa izindleko zokwakha kanye ukumisa ukugawula oki ekhulwini ubudala. Ngokwesibonelo, inkampani encane ezimbili masted umkhumbi eyakhelwe ukwenza inqubo enjalo kungaba "ukunquma" kusuka zikaphayini kancane kanye birch, futhi seaworthiness yayo akuyona sawohloka.

On the ukuqeqesha abasebenzi

Ekugcineni, kwakunokwenzeka ukuba siqashe abasebenzi kakhulu esingaphansi onekhono: ngqo nguye owadala umklamo uhlangana nabantu abambalwa kuphela, nababazi babehilelekile iyisambatho somzimba. Ngenkathi kwakhiwa imikhumbi izinhlobo ekuseni, yilowo nalowo kubo ukuthi kumelwe ukuba kwakumnandi cishe virtuoso of izikebhe wakhe. Kuphakanyisiwe ukwakhiwa processability futhi abavumelekile okuningi imikhumbi olwandle omkhulu.

Ngayinye yalezi ezinkulu mnogopalubnoe ngomkhumbi isitsha ngamandla alo ukulwa aphakeme kweshumi nambili ekuqaleni isitsha Clumsy, okuyinto ngokwengxenye enkulu, ayemahle kuphela navigation ugu.

Powder wezikhali kanye sailboats

Kakade namakhulu eminyaka 14-15 ebhizinisini zasolwandle iqala ngenkuthalo ukusakaza neziqhumane wezikhali, kodwa sekuyisikhathi eside ke ibekwe kuphela izilungiselelo emphemeni ukuthi base ayekuhlosile ngoba yabacibishelayo. Lokhu kwamvulela ithuba lokunikeza "ekuhlukanisweni" namandla, wenza umkhumbi eziguquguqukayo, ngisho ukuyaluza iphansana.

Ngokushesha izibhamu waqala afakwe phakathi kwezazi-eksisi longitudinal we ithuluzi, kodwa namanje kwi emphemeni phezulu. Nokho, ukugcina izibhamu okuhloswe umlilo ngesikhathi esifanayo kwakunzima kakhulu ngoba le njongo ukusebenzisa umgodi round besika emaceleni. Ngo sokuthula, bona ixhunyiwe nge bavimbe lokhuni.

Lezi nezimbobo lezi zibhamu kuphela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16. Lokhu emisha wakhala ukudalwa ezinkulu kanye ahlomile yempi. a ngomkhumbi Umkhumbi onjalo ezinkulu mnogopalubnoe ngokuphelele elise kokubili izimpi zasolwandle, kanye lokwandisa ezweni ikusasa Latin America.

Izidlakela Ephakathi

Kodwa ngisho nokuphathwa kwegama lokuqala galleon zakudala ezitholakala izincwadi zomlando eyaqala ngonyaka ka-1535. zako ngokushesha baziswa Spanish and English. Ngokungafani nezinye imikhumbi leyo minyaka, lokhu kwaba aphansi ne "efanele" sikebhe imigqa, iqinisekisa ubuncane ukugeleza ukumelana ekuhambeni. Mast umkhumbi yalolu hlobo siphethe okuxubile ngomkhumbi Rig, okuyinto ngekhono ngenxa nethimba induna uyayekela tacking emoyeni eduze counter.

ukufuduka kwabo kwabeka ngisho emini yanamuhla kwaba ehloniphekile - ezingamathani angaba ngu-2000! Ngakho izindleko galleons ngisho babe aphansi ngenxa ukusetshenziswa amamaki eshibhile kwezinkuni. Inkinga waletha ngaphandle umkhumbi insika ngomkhumbi, okuyinto edingekayo kuphela zikaphayini ezingezekhethelo isibili.

izici design

Insika Kwenziwa ezihlahleni zikaphayini, phezu izakhi amandla izindlu avunyelwe oki. Ngokungafani Karakka, umnsalo superstructure hhayi uhlanganyela phambili. ukudla Sika kwaba superstructure okusezingeni eliphezulu futhi ayibanzi, okuyinto kunomphumela omuhle ukuzinza umkhumbi ngesikhathi izibhelu. galleons evamile ezahlukene ocebile threaded imihlobiso kanye nezinye embodiments izindlu.

Lo mkhumbi ngobukhulu ngomkhumbi yalolu hlobo kwadingeka eziyisikhombisa (!) Decks. Ngenkathi kwakhiwa lezi zidlakela liye kabanzi amangalelwe zezibalo ukusebenza (khumbula Elikhulu Embassy of Peter Holland). Badla isinkwa sabo akusilo ize: izibalo kwamsiza kwakha umkhumbi omkhulu kakhulu, kodwa okuhlala isikhathi eside futhi enekhono ukumelana isiphepho, sagibela, kulandele ukushayisana lwemikhumbi ngokusebenzisa.

Izici useyili zokuboshelwa

Inombolo insika phezu galleons zazisuka emithathu kuya kwemihlanu, ngaphambili baphathe oseyili square, nengxenye yalo engemuva - emaceleni. I galleons ngobukhulu Spanish bebengaba mizzen ezimbili nje, okwakwenza kube lula ukuthola ukusebenza okuhle isivinini ngisho ne headwinds kanye nesidingo ukuhambisa tack. Indlela ababazi ongaphakeme-ezinamakhono zazikwazi baye wokwakha wale mikhumbi, njengoba kwadingeka kahle ukuba yamba amadoda abo, njengoba kwakudingeka babhekane ngamakhulu amaningana emakhilomitha ukhetho.

By the way, ubude elincani le galleons lokuqala wabenza uhlobo "umndeni" igalari, okuyinto thina wakhuluma ku ekuqaleni kwalesi sihloko. Uma umkhumbi bangena endaweni ngokuphelele ezolile, wakwazi ukuthutha inkambo ukugwedla. Yiqiniso, kulesi siphepho ukusebenzisa lolu unhlangothi inketho zazibulala.