Izintaba-mlilo: Izintaba-mlilo isakhiwo, izinhlobo kanye nokuvama kuqhuma

Namuhla sibheka le ndaba ezithakazelisayo, njengoba izintaba-mlilo. Isakhiwo-mlilo kanye ngezigaba zabo zichazwe ngokuningiliziwe kulesi sihloko.

Izintaba-mlilo lethiwa ngegama Vulcan, unkulunkulu umlilo. Zimelela zokwakheka Geological ezenzeka phezu iziteshi nokusasamba e ungqimba lomhlaba. izintaba-mlilo ezinkulu ukuthi iyoqhuma phambi kwamehlo enu, hhayi umbukwane engenakuqhathaniswa. Ngezinye komhlaba emifantwini neziteshi ukhiphe lava idwala izingcezwana bese kuthi amagesi esishisayo emthonjeni magmatic. Izintaba-mlilo ngokuvamile eligoqiwe imikhiqizo nokuqhuma kwezintaba ngabanye. Abakwazi ukufinyelela ukuphakama namasayizi amakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, i-mlilo ezinkulu kunazo zonke ye-Afrika - sikhona Kilimanjaro (5895 metres), Cameroon (4100 amamitha) neNtaba Teide (3,718 amamitha).

izintaba-mlilo ezingasekho, ithule futhi esebenzayo

Ukuze wamanje yilawo okwamanje iqhuma ngezikhathi noma ngokuqhubekayo. Ngokwesibonelo, izintaba-mlilo zamanje Afrika - kuba iNyiragongo, Meru, Karisimbi, Phaco, Teide. Elele - lezi izintabamlilo zazo akukho nokuqhuma ulwazi, kodwa abazange bawugcine isimo sabo nokuzamazama komhlaba wendawo zenzeka ngaphansi kwazo. Ezingasekho okubhekiselwe ukufiphala kanye zonakala kakhulu, hhayi nezintaba-mlilo eziqhumayo. Izithombe yentaba-mlilo Arenal, elise Costa Rica, lapha ngenzansi.

Division ZaseLaki izintaba-mlilo emaphakathi

Izintaba-mlilo zihlukaniswe ZaseLaki emaphakathi kanye ukuma iziteshi yokudla. Uma ucabangela isakhiwo intaba-mlilo (scheme kukhonjisiwe ngezansi), kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi elingenhla isiphuku magma emakamelweni kungenzeka aphakame cishe 50-70 amakhilomitha ukujula (isib intabamlilo eKamchatka Kluchevskaya Knoll). Zingase e ungqimba lomhlaba at a 5-6 amamitha (Italian ukujula intabamlilo iVesuvius) noma ezijulile.

Yesikhathi eside futhi kuqhuma yesikhathi esifushane

mlilo kungaba eside (kusukela eminyakeni eminingana ukuze amakhulu amaningana eminyaka) futhi ngesikhathi esifushane, okuyinto kulinganiswa ngakuyiwashi. It akunakubangelwa kokumethemba yabo imihlola acoustic, ukuzamazama komhlaba mlilo, izinguquko ukwakheka kanye izakhiwo kazibuthe fumarole amagesi kanye nezinye izenzakalo, amamaki phambi izintaba-mlilo ziqhuma. Photo-mlilo iqhuma lapha ngenzansi.

Kanjani ukuqala kokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo?

Ngokuvamile, kuqala ukuthi okhulisa kwenzeka amagesi. Basuke baxoshwa ekuqaleni ngenxa yamakhaza, amnyama lava imfucumfucu, bese ne red-hot. Kwezinye izimo, le kwekhabhoni ahambisana i kuthululwa lava. Kusuka ku-1 kuya ku-5 amakhilomitha, kuye ngokuthi amandla yokuqhuma kuyahlukahluka lemali lift udaka izinsalela ayegcwele amanzi umusi kanye ukushisa, amagesi. Futhi enkulu intabamlilo kuqhuma kungenzeka ukukhulula imikhiqizo kanye nasezinganeni emazingeni aphezulu. Ngokwesibonelo, ngo-1956 eneminyaka engu eKamchatka ngesikhathi kuqhuma le ntaba-mlilo Nameless kwaba 45 amakhilomitha. Ngezinye amabanga a izinkulungwane ezimbalwa kuya emashumini ezinkulungwane amakhilomitha adluliselwe ukhiphe impahla. ngezinye izikhathi umthamo wayo ifinyelela amakhilomitha ambalwa cubic. Ubuningi asemkhathini of umlotha wentaba-mlilo kwezinye nokuqhuma ingaba nkulu ukuze kukhona ubumnyama, ofana no-endlini emnyama. Kuye kwaphawulwa, ngokukhethekile, edolobhaneni Keys, elise-40 km kusuka intabamlilo Nameless, ngo-1956.

Isakhiwo intaba-mlilo, kukhonjisiwe ngezansi, kuzokusiza uqonde isakhiwo yayo.

Yini iqhuma?

Eruption - lokhu alternation ukuqhuma abanamandla nababuthaka futhi lava notshwala. Umkhawulo amandla ukuqhuma ngokuthi paroksizom emvuthwandaba. Ukunciphisa amandla yokuqhuma ke ukumisa kancane kancane nokuqhuma waphawula ngemva kwabo. Kwamenywa amakhilomitha intilibathwa lava kusakazwe aphonse mlilo enkulu. Isithombe esingezansi sibonisa isakhiwo intaba-mlilo. Leli cebo unika isithombe esicacile sokuthi ngakho Kuqubuka kanjani.

izinhlobo nokuqhuma

Hhayi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukuqhuma okufanayo. Ziyakwazi 4 izinhlobo kuncike viscosity lava futhi nenombolo kwemikhiqizo (okuqinile, gaseous ne liquid): i-eziyiziqhumane (Vulcan), extrusion (Dome), axubile (Strombolian) kanye effusive (Hawaiian).

uhlobo Hawaiian, ngokuvamile ngokudala intabamlilo isihlangu, libhekene kuthululwa ngandlela-thile-basalt (liquid) lava esakha asemigodini futhi lava ageleza amalangabi echibini ketshezi. Abenokuqukethwe esincane igesi emithonjeni ifomu okuyinto ezishisa kakhulu zikhipha izinhlayiyana amaconsi futhi izigaxa Udaka oluncibilikayo idwetshwa endaweni mncane ingilazi lokuluhlaza emoyeni lapho zindiza.

Uhlobo strombolian, ngokuvamile ukudala strato-izintabamlilo kanye kahle obuningi futhi andesitic lava notshwala ukwakheka basaltic ubuswa ukuqhuma ezincane, ngesikhathi lapho ihlaba umkhosi izingcezu slag, kanye ibhomu ahlukahlukene ezacile futhi elisontiwe.

Uhlobo Dome kuyinto izinto gaseous zidlala indima ebalulekile. Bakha ukuqhuma kwekhabhoni amafu ezinkulu ezimnyama aminyene ngobuningi izinsalela lava. Small lava notshwala yakha andesite viscous.

imikhiqizo nokuqhuma

Solid, igesi kanye nama-liquid zihlukile imikhiqizo wentaba-mlilo ziqhume. amagesi ezintaba-mlilo ukuthi zikhishwa kokubili ngesikhathi kuqhuma (okuthiwa eruptive), futhi phakathi intabamlilo umsebenzi ethule (furamolnye) kusukela imifantu okuyizinto intabamlilo, futhi kusukela wentaba pyroclastic yayo yamadwala nasemigodini lava notshwala yakha iziphethu ezishisayo, wedlula ngokusebenzisa amanzi angaphansi komhlaba.

Lava - incandescent noma uketshezi viscous kakhulu, ikakhulukazi mass silicate elithululelwa ngu mlilo ku surface eMhlabeni (bheka isithombe ngezansi intabamlilo esigabeni esiphambanweni.). rock wentaba-mlilo kwakhiwa uma osemanzi.

Volcanics (idwala wentaba-mlilo) - kwamadwala akhiwa ngenxa nokuqhuma kwezintabamlilo. Ababonakali ngezikhundla, kuncike ekutheni umlingisi has kuqhuma effusive noma effusive (diabase, liparites, trachyte, andesite, le-basalt, kanye nabanye.) Pyroclastic noma ukuqhuma-clastic (wentaba-mlilo breccia tuffs) amatshe mlilo.

amayunithi wentaba-mlilo

iphutha Tectonic (zomhlaba ikhefu) - lokhu okwenzekayo ngoba ukwephulwa uqweqwe ukunyakaza idwala ubuqotho (abelula, ukuhlanekezela amaphutha, izinguquko, discharges, njll).

On the esithombeni esingezansi sikhombisa layout intabamlilo.

Kuye ukwakheka kanye nohlobo wentaba-mlilo magma ebusweni izakhiwo kokuba eziphakeme ezahlukene nomumo. Njalo isakhiwo esiyingqayizivele intaba-mlilo. Esithombeni ngenhla - lena kuphela isibonelo. amadivaysi Volcanic aqukethe ufa noma isiteshi ijabulise, le ukuzwakalisa (i engxenyeni engenhla isiteshi), imikhiqizo vulkanooblomochnyh futhi lava accumulations ezizungezile bevela kuzo zonke izinhlangothi isiteshi, futhi emgodini (uphondo emise noma ikhefu inkomishi emise ohlangothini noma phezulu intabamlilo, ububanzi okuyinto zokhahlamba kusuka amamitha ambalwa amakhilomitha amaningana ). Amafomu evamile tapered, nge predominance ka ekushayweni detritus ahlukahlukene, futhi oluyingungu (lapho isibambo lava viscous).

Akukhona nje ngokusebenzisa vertices of komgodi wentaba-mlilo kwenzeka ukuqhuma, kodwa futhi ngokusebenzisa ohlangothini (ngenye ngokuthi yisinanakazana) asemigodini ezithinta izintaba-mlilo. Ukwakheka nokuqhuma ungachazwa ukuthi asemigodini kukhona emithambekeni ohlangothini, kanye ukuqhela vertices eyinhloko. Ngokuvamile, owodwa nokuqhuma amagesi zingene isiteshi komhlaba kwakhiwa ayimigodi uphondo emise. Basuke izungezwe kushaft annular, ehlanganisa amabhlogo of izinhlobo ezahlukene. Ngokuvamile ngalinye lala masonto asemigodini zigcwele amanzi. Zibizwa ngokuthi maar. Ngezinye izikhathi kuqhuma enobudlova ephelezelwa yokuthi ingxenye izakhiwo wentaba-mlilo sidilike. Ngokuvamile, lokhu kusebenza futhi ezindaweni okuyizinto eduze nezintaba-mlilo. Isakhiwo-mlilo futhi ngezinye izikhathi kuholela nciphisa yayo. Ayimigodi, okuyinto akhiwa ngalesi ubukhulu ibangelwa eziningana ukuba amashumi amaningana of amakhilomitha. Ziyakwazi ngokuthi ezinemigodi.

izintaba-mlilo ngaphansi kwamanzi

Isakhiwo mlilo saxoxa. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi omunye zinhlobo yabo kwamanzi, etholakala ezansi ichibi. Namuhla izixhumanisi ezindawo iqhuma lolu hlobo tibheke esishintshashintshayo ikakhulukazi ngaphakathi ezintathu wentaba-mlilo: Atlantic, Mediterranean-Indonesian futhi Pacific. Ngokusho kocwaningo olwenziwa esidlule kuyiplanethi yethu kusukela umbono yokwakheka komhlaba, e ububanzi bayo ngokuya kwekhabhoni imikhiqizo evela Earth, zingabantu siphezulu kunamanye ezweni. Uma izwe yonyaka kusukela 20-30 nokuqhuma ngokwesilinganiso kuziwa 1.5 cubic emakhilomitha magma oncibilikisiwe ngonyaka, kusukela undersea izintaba-mlilo esikhathini esifanayo isiqhume izikhathi 12-15 ezibonakalayo ezengeziwe. Active ngwenya izintaba-mlilo ukusekela ukuphila emanzini olwandle aseduze laphezu komhlabathi. Futhi kuwo bazabela incike inani amagesi abamba ukushisa ugxile ulwandle.

Lokhu kuqhuma-mlilo ngaphansi kwamanzi

Uma kwesigubhu itholakala ngaphezu kwezintaba-mlilo kwemizi pyroclastic impahla ngesikhathi kuqhuma amanzi ayegcwele bese ibhebhetheka emhlabeni kwemizi. Ngokokuqala ngqá ezifakwa enjalo iye yachazwa ePhilippines. Bona imiswe phakathi neminyaka sigameko ngo-1968, lapho kuqhuma Taal intabamlilo, okuyinto phansi echibini. Imali yalolu hlobo ngokuvamile ezicashile izingqimba mihlobiso of ilula. Islands zingase zimiswe lapho kuqhuma mlilo. Lokhu, isibonelo, elise-Indian Ocean, wentaba-mlilo isiqhingi sase-Reunion.

Izimbangela mlilo

Ubuhlobo obuseduze phakathi izingxenye ezinyakazayo Zomhlaba sika kuqweqwe mlilo esishintshashintshayo kubonisa indawo kwezintaba-mlilo. Kwakheka ku enjalo esishintshashintshayo amaphutha iziteshi lapho magma lithuthela ebusweni. Lokhu kwenzeka, ngokusobala ngaphansi kwethonya izinqubo ezahlukene zomhlaba. Lapho ukucindezela yamagesi ziyoncibilika ku magma siba sikhulu kunesijeziso ingcindezi at the we overlying ukujula, baqala ukuthuthela ebusweni bephethe magma. Mhlawumbe, ngesikhathi crystallization magma elakhiwe igesi ingcindezi lapho umusi kanye amagesi asalile ahlanganiswe ingxenye yayo ketshezi. Magma like amathumba. Iziko le-umfutho ophakeme owadalwa ukwaba semali izinto gaseous. Kungaba yezimbangela kuqhuma le ntaba.

Ukwakheka begodu nesakhiwo intabamlilo - isihloko sizobe sithi ngempela ezithakazelisayo. Kulesi sihloko sizosebenzisa kuphela sibuyekezwe kafushane kubo. Isakhiwo sangaphakathi intabamlilo namanje nesithakazelo inani abacwaningi. Namanje etadisha yayo.

Ngokokuqala ngqá phakathi neminyaka yakhe esikoleni, thina bayawazi ukuthi intabamlilo. Geography kusinikeza ithuba zokusondelana ukuqonda ukuthi iplanethi sizilungise. Umhlaba igcwele puzzle eziningi ukuxazulula ukuba isizukulwane esilandelayo. Yiqiniso, esikoleni, sikhuluma avelele kuphela uma silitadisha isakhiwo intaba-mlilo. Class 5 - hhayi ukuthi ubudala lapho kufanele ungene kulesi sihloko. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi kungase kwenziwe futhi kufanele kube. Sithemba wena wafunda okuthile okusha kusukela kulesi sihloko.