Yonyaka kuma-US njengoba isimo. Impi ye-ukuzimela amakoloni aseMelika nemfundo United States. UMthethosisekelo 1787

Kubonakala Melika besikhathi lonke kanye nesimo united nemnotfo athuthukile kanye namalungelo alinganayo kubo bonke abantu. Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi lokhu iyizwe elizimele kanye isanda ikoloni omkhulu yoMbuso WaseBrithani nawo, futhi ngonyaka ka- US Department of Education njengoba isimo - lokhu akukona onyakeni ohlukile kulowo iningi wamanje amakhulu amaningi eminyaka. Phela, i-United States abhekwa kwelinye lamazwe encane kunawo wonke waba emhlabeni, okungaba yingxenye ingane nje kokuqala umsebenzi wakhe.

Melika - into enkulu kunazo zonke emlandweni wesintu

Nakuba Melika kwatholakala amaViking eside ngaphambi kokufika ogwini abaseSpain, kodwa lonke izwe abafundile uyazicabangela usuku kokutholakala Melika ngo-1492. UChristopher Columbus wafika Bahamas, aphawula ukuqala kwenqubo yokwakhiwa kwamakoloni nezwekazi abaseSpain. Phakathi neminyaka emashumi mahlanu ku osogwini olusenyakatho-America, kukhona ezinye nemizana ezinezivikelo eziqinile kakhulu iSpanishi, okuyinto wazinza ezikhonza kula mazwe.

AmaNgisi wafika Melika kuphela 1607-m wasungula Jamestown. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi le ndawo landa ngokushesha lafinyelela kwaseBrithani njalo ukufika bamakoloni abasha, abashesha kuzixazulule ngempumelelo endaweni entsha. Melika hlaza abavela kwamanye amazwe expanses inkulu, ingcebo yemvelo kanye sesithembiso esikhulu. Abaningi wathutha nemikhaya yabo, ukukhokha cruise zabo. Kodwa kwakukhona ezinye izigaba lwabantu nababehamba isibusiso British Umqhele. England ziphelelwe athole ukusizakala ku osogwini olusenyakatho-America, uhulumeni wabona kulezi khulula emazweni isisekelo ukukhula kwezomnotho eBrithani.

Ukuzalwa Mayflower Compact

Uma sicabanga kumiswa US Kafushane, singathi ngokuzethemba ukuthi 1620 lwaluwushintsho emlandweni wezwe. Lokho umkhumbi "Mayflower" kufika ngalesi sikhathi ukuze ogwini Melika owanikhuphula naye emndenini bamaPuritan ebalekela ushushiso lweSonto iziphathimandla British. Lapha eyasungulwa Plymouth yabo Colony, enethemba ukwakha umphakathi khulula. Kuyindida, amaPuritan, nabo ngokwabo ngokuyisimangaliso wabaleka ngesihluku wokufihla noma iyiphi ephikisayo zezikhulu zayo. Baqonda kahle abanamathela nezimfundiso zawo zenkolo futhi baxoshwa phi gwamanda ezazikwazi ukukhuluma izingqondo zabo. Noma kunjalo, amaPuritan bakwazi ukuthintana nanoma cishe yonke amakoloni isiNgisi, waphetha nabo Meyflaurskoe sivumelwano. It bamakoloni lekhontile zazihlanganisa on inkululeko, intando yeningi kanye ukuhlukana neSonto isimo. Kukholakala ukuthi iningi amaphuzu yesivumelwano kamuva yaba isisekelo sezinguqulo US uMthethosisekelo.

Ukuthuthukiswa amakoloni IsiZulu emhlabathini American

Ukuze uqonde lapho i-United States kwamiswa siyisimo, kubalulekile ukuba umsuka wezimfundiso amakoloni, okuyinto badlondlobala coast American. Iminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa nanhlanu emva kokwehla lokuqala British nantathu amakoloni uvele e-United States, lapho has amashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu.

Abantu adluliselwe-Nguqulo Yezwe ngezinkulungwane, zonke mkhumbi omusha alethwe izifiki, benethemba lokuthola injabulo yabo Melika. Ezinye kuphumelele, ngomlomo waya izindaba ngabantu abavamile uhola imali eshisiwe zabasebenzi eziphikelelayo nethembekile. Lo mbono laba yisisekelo isiko American, namanje zonke American uyazicabangela yena lucky ukuthi ingafinyelela kulelizwe isimo okusezingeni eliphezulu nomphakathi.

umkhakha American lakhula ngokushesha, okuyinto unganelisekile iziphathimandla British. Ekupheleni kwekhulu weshumi nesishiyagalombili, ikoloni anganikeza ngokugcwele ngokwayo ne izinto zokusetshenziswa kanye ezidayiswayo, shipyards baye bavumela bamakoloni ukudayisa India. Konke lokhu waqinisa isikhundla kwababaleki, kodwa kwaba kubi parallel lePhalamende LaseBrithani. IBrithani nakanjani ukhawule ukuzimela amakoloni yayo:

• njalo okwandisa izintela;
• owethulwa imikhawulo izindlela zokuhwebelana namanye amazwe;
• ukuthekelisa kwezimpahla wawenziwa kuphela zezinkantolo English;
• Zonke imikhiqizo kanye izinto zokusetshenziswa zisuka iBrithani;
• ukulondoloza ukuthula amakoloni njalo ezine amasosha aseBrithani.

Minyaka yonke Ukunganeliseki amakoloni nguhulumeni waseBrithani anda.

Ukuqala Olusheshayo

Uma ukubuka kafushane US-ufundiswe into esemqoka, ngokuqinisekile Kuhle kokusho iphrojekthi ye uBenjamin Franklin. Ngo 1754, wamonyuka ukunakwa yephrojekthi IsiZulu ePhalamende ukuze kusungulwe imiphakathi ukuthi kukhona ingxenye ezimele ezazivela eBrithani. Ngokusho kwale dokhumenti, inhloko amakoloni North American kufanele ame umongameli, aqokwe nguhulumeni we-England. Lo mbhalo enikeziwe eziningi inkululeko namalungelo kwabokufika, kodwa akazange ukumemezela ikoloni ezimele ngokuphelele. Le projekthi bekulokhu ezintsha kakhulu futhi ayikwazanga adambise kwaphinde kwaba nokungezwani kwezigodi emphakathini American, kodwa ngokushesha aliwa lePhalamende LaseBrithani.

Ekugcineni yembula izisusa iziphathimandla British injabulo e-Boston nokwenqaba cabanga isinqumo Yokuqala Continental Congress, okuyiqembu umsebenzi ahlangene izihambeli amahlanu nanhlanu cishe kuzo zonke izifundazwe. Besabela kuleso simemo, eBrithani ethunyelwe ogwini Melika yempi owenza amakoloni bahlangane ubuso isitha esifanayo.

Yonyaka kuma-US njengoba isimo: ezigabeni emkhankasweni wempi sika 1775-1783

Lapho ezwa ngokuthunywa indlela ye amabutho aseBrithani, amaMelika wenza isinqumo ukuya empini futhi bathathe isinyathelo esiwujuqu ukuze avikele amalungelo abo kanye nenkululeko. Impi ye-ukuzimela amakoloni aseMelika nemfundo United States kwakungamadodana izigaba nobuqhawe kakhulu emlandweni wezwe, okuyinto baye babonisa izwe ukuthi ubunye abantu uyakwazi refract kunoma isiphi isimo.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngisho nangaphambi kokuba impi, amakoloni babebuswa izinhlangano zendawo ngokuphumelelayo ngokwanele. Bakhonza njengoba isisekelo ukudalwa balelo butho nezinye kwamanye amagatsha kahulumeni. Ngo 1776, izihambeli Okwesibili Continental Congress yamemezela ukwamukelwa of Declaration of Independence, lobeka izimiso eziyisisekelo isimo abasha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, Jikelele Washington waqokwa umkhuzi induna Continental Army. Manje usuku 4 Julayi 1776 lugujwa njengoba Independence Day, okungukuthi, ngonyaka we-US Department of Education - isimo entsha kumephu jikelele.

Kuze 1777 amabutho aseMelika afika anqotshwa British yonkana front line. Lokhu kwaba ngenxa yokulungiswa abampofu balelo butho nezinye amasosha aqeqeshiwe kabi, ngoba bempi ayeyizinkulungwane abantu abavamile, akazange nanini ukuphatha izikhali. Ngasese asekelwe bamakoloni isiFulentshi, futhi, kwadingeka amakoloni zabo ogwini American. Kuphela ngemva kokuqala ezinkulu Continental Army ngesikhathi Saratoga, France isisayine isivumelwano baseMelika ukwesekwa. Ngenxa yalokho, ibutho liqala ukuthola imikhumbi French futhi amasosha. Impi isidlulile isimo yayo iphuzu.

Ngo-1781, amabutho British bahlulwa ibutho bamakoloni kanye nayo iBritish Kwakudingeka baqale izingxoxo izibandakanye nezihlubuki. Kuze kube seminyakeni emibili emakoloni abaningi abalwayo baqhubeka, kodwa impi ifikile isiphelo sako okunengqondo. Ngo 1783, ke lalimisa ukuzimela American kusukela British Umqhele.

Yonyaka kuma emlandweni we-US soMthethosisekelo

BaseMelika kakhulu sensitive zonke izigaba zomlando intuthuko yezwe labo ukuphi. Bedumisa wonke amadokhumenti, ngaphandle lapho imfundo US ebandleni bekungekhe kukghonakale. UMthethosisekelo 1787 kubhekwa idokhumenti yokuqala futhi ebaluleke kakhulu isimo abasha.

kakhulu Umlando soMthethosisekelo lizungezwe mass amahebezi amaqiniso athakazelisayo. Ngokwesibonelo, abantu abaningi baseMelika namanje singabaze, yini usuku zicatshangelwe ngonyaka US Department of Education. Ngokusho kweminye imithombo, lokhu 1776 - Unyaka we Declaration of Independence, lapho kwaqala, ememezela ukusungulwa kwe-isimo esisha ngesisekelo ukuzimela kanye nokulingana. Ngokusho kwabanye, unyaka lapho i-United States efanayo ne Ukwamukelwa koMthethosisekelo.

Ngokuthakazelisayo, le dokhumenti eyingqopha yadalwa ngaphandle ukusetshenziswa kolwazi ekhethekile. Izihambeli wabhala uMthethosisekelo, ukuthatha njengesisekelo izenzo ezehlukene zomthetho yokutholwa kwezinye nemizana wamakoloni. Umphumela waba umthethosisekelo emfushane emlandweni isintu, futhi nanamuhla cishe hhayi zabhekana banoma yiziphi izinguquko ezibalulekile.

Ukwamukelwa kwe-US uMthethosisekelo

Ngokumangalisayo, uMthethosisekelo ekuqaleni yokutholwa uthi ezimbili kuphela, okwakusho ukuthi kwakungafanele athethwe idokhumenti yezomthetho, okungase ubheke ubuholi wezwe. UBenjamin Franklin, limatasa abasebenza ukudalwa le dokhumenti, isikimu fixed soMthethosisekelo ngokungena ngemvume eziyisishiyagalolunye nantathu uthi. Lokhu kwanikeza isimo abasha ngesikhathi ithuba engakaze ibonwe, ngoba intando yeningi kwaba akuwona amazwi angasho lutho nje, futhi ngesisekelo idokhumenti eyinhloko yezwe.

Izinhlinzeko eyinhloko US uMthethosisekelo

Abadali US uMthethosisekelo wenza konke imibono esashintsha izinto kakhulu, okokuqala uthi kwadingeka amalungelo okunjalo olunzulu, akugcini ukusicindezela kuhulumeni. Ngenxa ukusebenzisana of Thomas Jefferson futhi uGeorge Washington, United yazuza degree wokuzibusa ekubhekaneni nezindaba zalo zangaphakathi. Zonke amandla lahlukaniswa laba amagatsha amathathu;

• zomthetho;
• elikhulu;
• enkantolo.

Le ndlela bavunyelwe silondoloze inkululeko yomuntu ngamunye kanye sihloniphe amalungelo ngamunye isakhamuzi ngabanye.

Lame Duck Ukuchitshiyelwa

Ngonyaka kumiswa US uMthethosisekelo kwakubonakala idokhumenti kahle umsindo, kodwa kwathi eminyakeni emithathu kamuva kwaba sobala ukuthi idinga ezinye yandiswe. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuze kube soMthethosisekelo okumele sichitshiyelwe ngokufaka steel, kodwa namanje isibalo sabo sincane kunabo bonke emlandweni imiculu lenjalo.

Okwamanje wemukeleke izichibiyelo amabili nesikhombisa kuphela ehlongozwayo ngu ayizinkulungwane nanye ngo-1791. Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi lapho idokhumenti kakhulu bangaleso sikhathi futhi namanje efanele.

emlandweni we-US igcwele izenzakalo nobuqhawe, kodwa namanje bhá wonke amakhasi alo ukudala geqe kanye kumiswa amagatsha, ezisebenza ngempumelelo namuhla.